Gender Gaps in North American Research Productivity: Examining Faculty Publication Rates in Mexico,Canada, and the U.S.

The present study addresses gender gaps in North American research productivity, which may be influenced by personal and family variables, as well as professional and work-related variables. The study was conducted as part of the Changing Academic Profession (CAP) International Survey, conducted in 2007–08. Using articles as indicator of research productivity, we analyzed the gender gap in publication rates among full-time higher education faculty in our combined sample (Canada, Mexico, and the United States). This analysis has implications for higher education policy. In terms of research productivity, the relative productivity rates of male and female academics have been a policy priority for many years to increase the cumulative rates of research activity. We found that the variables related to research intensity varied by country, providing a more nuanced understanding of the gender gap between male and female faculty.     

Indicators of esteem: gender and prestige in academic work

The continued gender imbalance in senior positions in higher education is a problem that persists despite decades of feminist research and publications in the area, as well as interventions in many countries to promote the advancement of women. In this article we view the issue of gender inequality through the lens of the prestige economy, which suggests that academics are motivated by prestige factors accrued through advancement in their careers. Prestige, authority and status, we suggest, may be more easily acquired by male academics. We draw on a case study of one institution in the Republic of Ireland, including data from a survey on academic careers (n = 269), to explore how the concept of prestige is gendered. We explore the cumulative effect of four themes: homosociability; non-transparency of criteria; academic workload balance; and self-promotion.     

Gender and prestige in Swedish academia: Exploring senior management in universities and university colleges

This article highlights the multifaceted character of the Swedish higher education sector and investigates senior academic management positions from a gender perspective using theories about an academic prestige economy and academic capitalism. The focus is on an aspect often overseen in research on Swedish academia: the distinction between universities and university colleges. The analysis draws on interviews with 22 women in senior management positions in Swedish higher education and a quantitative mapping of the Vice-Chancellor and Pro-Vice-Chancellor positions in universities and university colleges between 1990 and 2015. The results illustrate that the academic prestige economy is interwoven with both gender and academic capitalism and produce different working conditions and requirements for senior managers at universities and university colleges.     

Current Status of Graduate Physical Education: Program Demography and the Issue of Program Ranking

Published rankings of graduate departments, programs, and faculties play an important role in American higher education. Rankings serve as a measure of prestige, and prestige in higher education is very important, especially as it relates to career patterns and career opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most pertinent and controversial issues surrounding prestige rankings in graduate physical education, and examine their importance and consequences. Appropriate research and related literature are presented and examined, with conclusions, implications, and suggestions being offered as results.     

论江苏教育与经济的均衡发展

和谐社会是政治、经济、文化等各子系统内部均衡发展和子系统之间协调运转的一种状态。教育对和谐社会的构建有着至关重要的作用。江苏在建设和谐社会的过程中,必须重点解决目前存在的一些不和谐的矛盾,尤其是经济与教育发展不均衡的问题。实现教育与经济的均衡发展,首先应加大投入以缩小省内各区域及城乡教育的发展差距;其次要根据经济发展需要调整教育层次结构,使培养出的人才结构能满足经济结构的需要,使高校的科研能更快地转变为现实生产力,从而更好地促进经济发展。     

Mid-career academic women and the prestige economy

Drawing on 30 semi-structured interviews with women academics based in London higher education institutions in the UK, this paper investigates the gendered nature of the prestige economy in academia. We explore how mid-career academic women strategise their career development and the opportunities and barriers they perceive, particularly in relation to the accrual of academic esteem. Concept maps were used to facilitate dialogue about career plans and provided an artefact from the interviewee’s own perspective. The analysis draws on the concept of prestige, or the indicators of esteem that help advance academic careers, against the backdrop of a higher education context which increasingly relies on quantitative data to make judgements about academic excellence. The interviews indicated that women generally feel that men access status and indicators of esteem more easily than they do. Many women also had ambivalent feelings about gaining recognition through prestige: they understood the importance of status and knew the ‘rules of the game’, but were critical of these rules and sometimes reluctant to overtly pursue prestige. The findings are valuable for understanding how women’s slow access to the highest levels of higher education institutions is shaped by the value that organisations place on individual status.     

Patterns of institutional self-recruitment of young Ph.D.s: Effects of academic markets on career mobility

In social science research on academic careers and mobility, a persistent finding is the substantial effect of doctoral origin on the prestige of the first institution at which one works. There also seems to be a substantial tendency among academic institutions to follow institutional self-recruitment. That is, an academic is more likely to be recruited by an institution in the same prestige category as that which produced him or her. From the period of large expansion to the slowdown of growth in higher education, how have patterns of institutional self-recruitment changed? While elite institutions tend to recruit Ph.D.s from a similar group of institutions, as we go down the line of institutional prestige hierarchy there is a diminishing trend of self-recruitment among similar institutions. This study suggests that there is a general downward mobility in prestige for newly recruited Ph.D.s in a period of a tighter market. While Ph.D.s from elite research universities have continued to increase their chances for being employed at lesser institutions, Ph.D.s from less prestigious graduate institutions have trickled down in the prestige hierarchy. The data used for our analysis are from the National Research Council's Doctorate Records File covering the period from 1969 to 1981, which is marked by significant changes in higher education. The techniques applied are developed by Leo Goodman's loglinear models.     

Contemporary Classics? The Early Onset of Influence of Articles Published in Criminology and Criminal Justice Journals, 2010–2015

Citation analysis is a valuable method for tracking the growth and transmission of scientific knowledge. In criminology and criminal justice, such analyses tend to be focused on “classic” works or on highly cited scholars over many years. As an alternative approach, we focus on work that has been cited rather quickly – what we term the “early onset” of impact. In doing so, we identified 221 of the most highly cited peer-reviewed articles, authored by 480 scholars, which were published in criminology and criminal justice journals between 2010 and 2015. Analyses reveal wide variation in substantive topics and methodological approaches, as well as a substantial gender gap with respect to authorship. Additional analyses provide insight into both journal and institutional/program prestige. We conclude with directions for future research and stress the importance of tracking over time articles that appear to be off to an early start with respect to scholarly impact.     

Faculty Salaries and the Maximization of Prestige

Through the lens of the emerging economic theory of higher education, we look at the relationship between salary and prestige. Starting from the premise that academic institutions seek to maximize prestige, we hypothesize that monetary rewards are higher for faculty activities that confer prestige. We use data from the 1999 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF), and regression analysis to examine the determinants of salaries. The results are consistent with the theory that faculty members are financially rewarded for enhancing institutional prestige. There is some evidence that the rewards are higher in science and engineering. Spending more time on teaching has no effect on salary, even in comprehensive universities and liberal arts colleges. Findings suggest that other types of institutions are emulating research institutions in their pursuit of prestige. Looking at faculty salaries through this lens raises serious questions about the implications of the current reward system in higher education. Article Note Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Economics of Education seminar, Stanford University School of Education, March 2004, and the American Education Finance Association, Louisville, KY, May 2005.     

Gender divergence in academics’ representation and research productivity: a Nigerian case study

Gender equity is increasingly seen as an indicator of development and global acceptance in networks of higher education. Despite this, gender divergence in research productivity of academics coupled with under-representation of women in science has been reported to beset female’s scholarly activities. Previous studies provide differing results, hence a need for each academic institution to know its status for the purpose of formulating appropriate policy towards achieving gender equity without trading off productivity. Using a scientometric method, the present study investigates the representation and research productivity of male and female lecturers in the Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan. The study shows that while female lecturers are significantly less represented in the faculty and publish in journals having lower impact factors, their research productivity in terms of number of publications and citation impact are significantly not different from those of their male counterparts.     

女性进入精英集体:有限的进步

北京大学近三十年(1978-2005年)的本科招生数据揭示了女性进入北大所经历的从性别排斥到性别均衡的过程。研究表明,这是一个有限的进步。其局限之一在于,北京大学录取的新生中男女生人数比例均衡的事实背后是明显的阶层分离与城乡壁垒,因此性别维度的公平是一个跛足的公平。其局限之二在于,女性在专业选择中存在明显的性别隔离现象,因此,在男女生入学机会接近均值的情形下,更需谨慎面对女性在接受高等教育过程中的公平问题,对于女性个体而言,专业选择与专业训练的过程是一个不断接受男性主导知识训诫的过程,这同样是一个有限且有疑问的发展过程。     

The effect of gender on students' sustainability consciousness: A nationwide Swedish study

This study extends previous environmental education research on gender differences by investigating the gender gap between boys' and girls' sustainability consciousness. The issue of whether the gender gap in environmental education can be identified also in sustainability education is addressed. It has been suggested that Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is a teaching approach that could play a key role in diminishing the gender gap. However, the possible gender-specific effect of an ESD-oriented teaching approach is empirically untested. A survey instrument was used to detect the hypothesized gender gap in students' sustainability consciousness on a sample of 2,413 Swedish students aged 12–19. Findings reveal a gender gap in students' sustainability consciousness. The gender gap increases throughout the age span and is amplified in ESD-oriented schools.     

Gender and the expansion of university education in Jordan

This article explores how gender is threaded through the expansion and privatization of higher education in Jordan. Due to the justified current concern with the educational deficit of Muslim girls, it is easy to overlook the educational advances made by girls in some Islamic countries. In Jordan, girls have profited more than boys from the expansion of higher education. Economic or political reasons cannot explain this change, so explanations for the advancement of girls in the universities have to be sought elsewhere. I argue here that, for Jordan, this female advancement is linked to the commercialization of education set in motion by the early mission schools, the re‐Islamization of society, and the prestige system of ‘culturedness’. For this article, I have drawn upon qualitative anthropological data gathered through interviews with students, staff and parents in Jordan and from an analysis of higher education statistics.     

21世纪初国外高等教育研究的主题——对英国《高等教育研究》2001-2006年的文章分析

由英国高等教育研究会主办的《高等教育研究》,是旨在促进高等教育发展,提升高等教育质量,且在高等教育研究领域具有全面性、独特性和权威性影响的国际性标准期刊。2001—2006年的《高等教育研究》论文选题和内容的研究与分析表明,世纪初国外高等教育研究的主题主要集中于以下几个方面:"大学本科教学与课程研究"是国外高等教育研究的最热门领域,"大学生研究"将成为国外高等教育研究的重要论题,"大学教师研究"则保持不断增长的势头,"大学管理与高等教育政策研究"会越来越受到重视,"研究生教育研究"的领域将会不断扩展。     

我国高校毕业生劳动力市场性别差异文献评述

文章针对目前我国高校毕业生在就业过程中的性别差异问题．总结了近年来国内针对劳动力市场性别差异的相关研究,并侧重实证研究部分。归纳了性别差异的表现形式,考察性别差异的不同视角．性别差异的产生原因以及可采取的消除性别差异的措施等。旨在通过梳理国内现有的性别差异研究文献．全面了解以教育经济学领域为主并涉及多学科的一个广泛研究领域内性别差异研究的进展情况,从而为以后的研究提供参考并指出方向。     

农村教育与农村经济发展:人力资本的视角

中国正处于从中低收入走向中高收入的转型期,是欠发达经济体成为较发达或发达经济体的关键阶段。在这一阶段,社会经济结构都将发生巨大变化,机遇与挑战并存,处理得好,则实现工业化、现代化,进入发达国家行列;处理得不好,则可能掉进"中等收入陷阱"。中国要想成功实现经济转型、保证经济持续稳定增长,重点在农村,难点在农村,动力也在农村。推进农业现代化、提高劳动生产率,才能解决粮食安全问题,这是治国安邦的根本;促进农村剩余劳动力转移、提高城镇化质量,才能解决高素质产业技术工人短缺问题,这是产业结构升级的基础;提高农民收入、缩小城乡差距,才能解决收入分配不公问题,这是社会稳定与公平的保证;而这一切的核心都落在农村劳动力素质上。投资农村人力资本、发展农村教育、提高劳动生产率,这是当前中国社会转型的首要任务。根据中国农村教育的现状,发展农村教育关键在于做好"三教统筹",推进农村成人职业教育事业发展,加快农村中等职业教育体制机制创新,提高农村义务教育质量,扩大农村学前教育资源供给。     

Linkages between higher education and the labour market: lessons from redemocratized Hungary

This research examines how higher education graduates in redemocratized countries, such as Hungary, receive information from multinational corporations regarding employment opportunities. It also assesses how the information exchange between higher education and the labour market, i.e. multinational corporations, shapes new relationships between these two entities. The findings from this study seem to suggest that multinational corporations have influenced Hungarian higher education institutions in several profound ways: (1) the redefinition of graduate recruitment procedures, (2) the shift in employee characteristics that employers value, (3) the implications for curricular design and teaching styles, and (4) the ranking and prestige of universities. The results of this study are not only useful for countries in transition to a market economy but for other countries as well.     

Gender gaps in early wage expectations

Using detailed data from a unique survey of high school graduates in Germany, we document a gender gap in expected full-time earnings of more than 15%. We decompose this early gender gap and find that especially differences in coefficients help explain different expectations. In particular, the effects of having time for family as career motive and being first-generation college student are associated with large penalties in female wage expectations exclusively. This is especially true for higher expected career paths. Resulting expected returns to education are associated with college enrollment of women and could thus entrench subsequent gaps in realized earnings.     

我国女性高等教育现状分析及对策

高等教育性别平等是高等教育公平与社会进步的重要标志,也是平等社会性别文化构建的体现.我国女性高等教育在近年得到了迅速的发展,女性大学生在高校比例也逐年增加,但我国女性高等教育仍然存在着诸多问题.文章从社会性别视角分析了我国女性高等教育发展现状、性别差异及其成因,并在此基础上提出了促进女性高等教育的若干对策.