The German Workers' Sport Movement between Socialism,Workers' Culture,Middle-Class Gymnastics and Sport for All

The 150th birthday of the German Labor Party Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) provides a good opportunity to research and discuss the genesis of the workers' sport movement in Germany. In this article, the German workers' sport history is placed in a broader context of the development of the German club sports system. This system emerged in the middle of the nineteenth century and was strongly influenced by national or nationalistic, as well as socialist ideas and concepts of workers' sport. The chronological context therefore commences long before 1893, when the socialist workers' gymnastics federation (ATB) was formally founded. The history also does not end in 1933, when the socialist organisations were destroyed by the Nazi regime. The concepts, ideas, visions and morality of workers sports are still alive – at least partly – in current sports.     

世界男子竞技体操格局及技术发展趋势的研究

通过文献资料法、录像观察法和专家访谈法等研究方法,本文对第39届和第40届世界体操锦标赛男子体操比赛团体、全能和单项前8名运动员的比赛成绩、动作难度和完成情况进行了统计与分析。结果表明：规则对竞技体操运动发展具有导向性;稳定性是团体决赛制胜的首要因素,世界男子体操的格局趋于多极化;全能比赛呈现出强项突出,单项均衡发展的特点;单项比赛的竞争呈现出垄断性的发展趋势。要求在动作难度和编排上不断创新。     

体操教学中学生恐惧心理成因及对策分析

在体操教学过程中,学生有着不同程度的恐俱心理,文章通过从教学的观点出点,分析了学生恐惧心理产生的成因,并提出解决方法,为改善体操教学质量提供一定的参考。     

Gymnastics,Hygiene and Eugenics in Brazil at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

The aim of this study was to describe the influence of medical knowledge on the organisation of school gymnastics in Brazil, in the nineteenth century and at the beginning of the twentieth century. For this purpose, the following sources were used: PhD theses approved by the Faculties of Medicine in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia state, and documents from the Academia Nacional de Medicina and the Escola Normal de São Paulo. It was concluded that the hygienist mentality was fundamental for the diffusion of gymnastics in the Brazilian context.     

世界竞技健美操锦标赛参赛运动员身体形态与运动素质结构特征研究

运用数理统计、逻辑分析等方法,以第10届世界竞技健美操锦标赛运动员和第1届世界健美操青少年锦标赛运动员共280人为研究对象,测试了涉及身体形态、运动素质的25项指标。对测试的原始数据进行统计分析,归纳并比较了优秀运动员的身体形态特征;用因子分析方法提取了运动素质指标中的5个因子,在此基础上,结合项目技术特点和发展规律,对竞技健美操运动员运动素质的结构特征及专项呈现进行进一步的分析。     

新形势下我国女子体操面临的挑战

通过文献资料法、对比分析法、录像观察法,对第42届体操世锦赛女子团体、全能和各单项的决赛进行分析研究,结果表明：世界女子竞技体操的格局有了新的变化,即团体和全能奖牌的竞争形成中、美、俄＂三足鼎立＂之势,其他各单项的争夺将变得更加激烈;中国队的高低杠和平衡木项目在难度上具有明显优势,但跳马和自由体操相对于美国和俄罗斯队来说尚有一定差距。     

“人文性”教学观念在竞技体操教学实践中的应用

本文通过文献资料法查阅90年代以来的有关以人为本和人文性的文章30多篇,记录了文章的精华和主要结论,主要是针对建立“人文性”竞技体操教学观念的理论依据、意义;实现“人文性”竞技体操教学观念的可行性;实现“人文性”竞技体操教学观念的具体措施;“人文性”竞技体操教学观念的教学原则以及运用“人文性”教学方法时应该注意的问题等方面进行分析,为“人文性”教学观念在竞技体操教学实践中良好的应用提供理论依据。     

The Disappearance of the Perfect 10: Evaluating Rule Changes in Women's Artistic Gymnastics

The 2004 Olympic Games saw a range of judging scandals in the sport of artistic gymnastics that prompted the International Gymnastics Federation to make changes to the sport's judging system. Therefore, following these games, the International Gymnastics Federation reworked the gymnastics scoring system, where the most prominent change was the removal of the ‘perfect 10’ as the highest score possible, to be replaced by an open-ended scoring system. The goal of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the open-ended system that was introduced in 2006 through examining some of the sport's key values – an approach loosely aligned with broad internalism. It is suggested that the dual purposes of analysing what is achieved and the manner of achieving it are key values of the sport and are differentiated through the way judging utilises two categories known, in gymnastics, as ‘difficulty’ and ‘artistry’. This paper argues that the method of judging ‘difficulty’ is an improvement on previous judging methods. Our analysis of the definition and judging of ‘artistry’ in artistic gymnastics, however, reveals a less certain result.     

Salvador López Gómez: Apostle of Gymnastics in Spain

Abstract

Salvador López Gómez was a great exponent of gymnastics in Spain in the nineteenth and the twentieth century. His role as a teacher, a writer and even as a law developer who promoted gymnastics deserves a detailed study. For that reason, through primary sources of this era and, specially, papers from López Gómez himself, this paper depicts his long professional career, his conception of gymnastics and the constant efforts, not always properly rewarded, that he made for its social respect and acknowledgement during that time.     

我国艺术体操现状分析

通过对九运会、第 2 4届世界艺术体操锦标赛及第 14届亚运会等重要赛事成绩的统计、比较分析 ,阐述我国艺术体操的现状 ,找出优势、差距和不足。     

从新奥运周期体操发展态势看我国女子体操薄弱环节及相应对策

以2009年笫41届世锦赛为主要资料,对新奥运周期女子体操发展态势进行研究。结果表明:中美依旧称霸体坛;俄罗斯、罗马尼亚悄然复苏;异军突起实力提升;全能选手是未来大赛竞争资本;竞技体操更趋实力化方向发展。中国女子体操要提高大赛竞争资本,巩固在团体项目上的优势,争取在全能和单项上有所突破,以强大实力迎接新的挑战。     

The British Influence in the Birth of Spanish Sport

Sports started to gain relevance in Spain around the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century as a leisure and health option of the upper classes imported from Britain. Its early development was intertwined with the spread of other kinds of physical activities with much more tradition on the continent: gymnastics and physical education. First played by the ruling classes – aristocracy and high bourgeoisie – sports permeated towards petty bourgeoisie and middle classes in urban areas such as Madrid, Barcelona, San Sebastián and Santander. This pattern meant that the expansion of sports was unavoidably tied to the degree of industrialisation and cultural modernisation of the country. Since 1910, and mainly during the 1920s, sport grew in popularity as a spectacle and, toa much lesser degree, as a practice among the Spanish population.     

从第三十七届世界体操锦标赛看中国体操现状及发展

通过本届世界体操锦标赛对世界各国体操水平及我国男女体操水平现状的分析，指出目前我国体操存在的问题，为备战奥运会进行针对性训练，同时也为广大的体操教练员训练提供参考建议，以进一步提高我国体操技术水平。     

快乐体操对5~6岁幼儿基本协调能力的影响

运用文献资料法、实验测试法和数理统计法等研究方法,选取江苏省苏州市某幼儿园2个幼儿大班作为实验组和对照组,对实验组进行持续3个月的快乐体操干预,探讨快乐体操对5~6岁幼儿基本协调能力的影响。通过12周的快乐体操练习后,幼儿的平衡能力、节奏能力、感知判断能力、空间定向能力、肢体配合能力、肢体活动范围都得到了显著提升,即快乐体操练习对幼儿的基本协调能力提升具有积极作用。     

第36届世界体操锦标赛裁判员评分的客观性及相关问题分析

通过对36届、34届世界体操锦标赛决赛评分数据的比较分析发现，第36届世界体操锦标赛决赛阶段裁判员评分的误差较大，评分的区分度较低，研究表明裁判员对新规则的掌握水平落后于体操技术的发展。     

世界体操锦标赛鞍马项目难新动作分布特征分析

国际竞技体操日益发展,高难动作技术创新是运动员取得优秀成绩的关键和核心,这势必使得新动作、高难度动作不断涌现,从而不断开辟技术领域,促进动作技术多样化多方向发展。通过运用文献资料法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法等方法从动作的地域、人员及其在各奥运周期的分布情况,对1985～2007年间鞍马项目出现难新动作的8届世界体操锦标赛进行研究。     

2000-2014年我国男子竞技体操发展研究综述

男子竞技体操科研成果的不断涌现与提高是大力促进我国男子竞技体操系统理论和运动技术水平提高的重要方面。本文运用文献资料法、数理统计法、逻辑归纳法,通过对我国2000-2014年间男子竞技体操科研论文所涉及的内容进行全面的综述,以客观反映我国男子竞技体操研究的内容和水平,分析我国男子竞技体操研究成果为实践服务及上升为理论的情况,从而找出目前我国男子竞技体操科学研究中存在哪些问题,以利于明确我国男子竞技体操科学研究的方向。     

Gymnastics,Physical Education,Sport, and Christianity in Germany

Abstract

Germany is both the country of origin of Protestantism and of Turnerism, which has led to a specific concept of national gymnastics. In 2017, the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther´s act of nailing his theses to the door of the Church of Wittenberg (on 31 October 1517) was celebrated. About 300 hundred years later, Ludwig Jahn, son of a Protestant minister, started to run a gymnastics ground at a park in Berlin, where young boys and students were educated in ‘body and mind’ according to Jahn’s slogan (which later became the brand of the German Turner movement) frisch, fromm, fröhlich, frei (‘fresh, pious, cheerful, free’). The notion of piety has been widely discussed by contemporary gymnasts, because even then, some regarded piety as old-fashioned and in fact incompatible with a free and enlightened world. The purpose of this paper is to consider the Christian impact on German gymnastics and sport since the beginning of a civil movement of body culture in clubs and societies in the nineteenth century. The paper is based on a wide range of academic research and other selected sources.     

演化经济学视角下对武术操发展的思考

文章通过文献资料法、逻辑推理法、演化经济学分析法等研究方法,对武术操演变过程、发展现状以及武术操创编原理进行分析和研究,促进武术操在学校的开展和普及,同时为武术操的发展和中国武术的传播提供一定的科学理论依据。     

第39届世界体操锦标赛中国女子体操队实力分析

采用文献资料、录像观察等方法，对第39届世界体操锦标赛进行了分析。了解当今世界女子竞技体操运动的发展状况，并指出我国女子体操队的优势与不足，旨在为我国女子竞技体操继续保持优势地位以及更好地备战2008年北京奥运会提供理论参考。