信息服务业的网络化与信息网络管理

信息服务业的网络化正在成为信息社会的时代特征。网络化的信息服务业发展使得人们对信息的需求已经难以分开,于是网络的建设、网络的维护、网络的扩展、网络的优化,网络的故障检修等则成为计算机科学,信息服务业共同关心的重大课题。本文从情报学的角度,就网络管理的基本概念和网络管理的主要管理模型进行了探讨。     

Document management systems from current capabilities towards intelligent information retrieval: an overview

Documents circulating in paper form are increasingly being substituted by its electronic equivalent in the modern office today so that any stored document can be retrieved whenever needed later on. The office worker is already burdened with information overload, so effective and efficient retrieval facilities become an important factor affecting worker productivity. This paper first reviews the features of current document management systems with varying facilities to manage, store and retrieve either reference to documents or whole documents. Information retrieval databases, groupware products and workflow management systems are presented as developments to handle different needs, together with the underlying concepts of knowledge management. The two problems of worker finiteness and worker ignorance remain outstanding, as they are only partially addressed by the above-mentioned systems. The solution lies in a shift away from pull technology where the user has to actively initiate the request for information towards push technology, where available information is automatically delivered without user intervention. Intelligent information retrieval agents are presented as a solution together with a marketing scenario of how they can be introduced.     

Impact of information use architecture on load and usability

Information use is defined as the application of acquired and transmitted information in the decision making of an organization at the strategic and tactical levels. The purpose of the research is to investigate how information use architecture impacts information load and usability at the operational level of manufacturing where machines, humans and the production processes are information users. A new approach to information load is introduced which takes all the characteristics of information use (tacit, mechanical, paper and digitized) and possibilities of users (machine, operator and process) into consideration. Information use nodes are conceptualized building blocks for information use architecture which impact information load and usability. The results suggest that information use load is sensitive to information encoding/decoding. A combination of the federated and integrated information use architectures tends to result in a low information use load and can become a strategic tool for waste reduction. How information usability relates to load varies depending on the usability characteristic in view. The major conclusion is that a holistic approach to information systems includes the consideration of information use architecture which is an important factor in the management of information load and usability at the operational level.     

Mediating effects of business process for international trade industry on the relationship between information capital and company performance

To explore the relationship of information capital and company performance as mediated by business processes, we sought to establish an analytical framework based on knowledge based view for international trade companies to better develop the innovative capacity of holistic thinking processes of domestic trade enterprises. Using structural equation modeling as part of an analytical research framework, we found that information capital can indirectly affect company performance when mediated by business processes, and that information capital is more critical to the trade industry. This finding reveals that adopting and assimilating information systems form an important channel for companies to provide strategic information and use information capital. We highlighted that the improvement of information capital can significantly enhance a company’s competitiveness and that, since business processes play key mediating roles, the timely adjustment of such processes can allow information capital to enhance company performance of the international trade industry.     

The role of business analytics capabilities in bolstering firms’ agility and performance

Many companies invest considerable resources in developing Business Analytics (BA) capabilities to improve their performance. BA can affect performance in many different ways. This paper analyses how BA capabilities affect firms’ agility through information quality and innovative capability. Furthermore, it studies the moderating role of environmental turbulence, both technological and in the market. The proposed model was tested using statistical data from 154 firms with two respondents (CEO and CIO) from each firm. The data were analysed using Partial Least Squares (PLS)/Structured Equation Modelling (SEM). Our results indicate that BA capabilities strongly impact a firm’s agility through an increase in information quality and innovative capability. We also discuss that both market and technological turbulence moderate the influence of firms' agility on firms' performance.     

Hierarchical web resources retrieval by exploiting Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis

In recent years, knowledge structuring is assuming important roles in several real world applications such as decision support, cooperative problem solving, e-commerce, Semantic Web and, even in planning systems. Ontologies play an important role in supporting automated processes to access information and are at the core of new strategies for the development of knowledge-based systems. Yet, developing an ontology is a time-consuming task which often needs an accurate domain expertise to tackle structural and logical difficulties in the definition of concepts as well as conceivable relationships. This work presents an ontology-based retrieval approach, that supports data organization and visualization and provides a friendly navigation model. It exploits the fuzzy extension of the Formal Concept Analysis theory to elicit conceptualizations from datasets and generate a hierarchy-based representation of extracted knowledge. An intuitive graphical interface provides a multi-facets view of the built ontology. Through a transparent query-based retrieval, final users navigate across concepts, relations and population.     

基于股价信息含量对我国股票市场效率的经验检验

统计指标是统计学和计量经济学中常用的统计概念,人们已经对其在统计学与计量经济学基础的功能相对比较熟悉。随着科学的进一步发展与各学科的进一步融合,的意义与作用进一步延伸,现已广泛使用来测度股价信息含量,从而又为量化分析股票市场效率提供了支持。本文选择从蓝筹股角度来测定我国股票市场股价信息含量,同时对影响我国股票市场股价信息含量的因素进行了分析,进而在一定程度上对我国股票市场的效率作出判断。     

Neolithic informatics: The nature of information

The term informatics is used as an umbrella term to stand for the overlapping disciplinary areas of information systems, information management and information technology. The current paper is part of a series which documents an overarching attempt to develop a clearer and more sophisticated systematics for the area. It examines one of the foundation concepts of informatics – that of information – and aims to provide a definition for this concept based upon ideas from semiotics and communication theory. For this purpose we introduce the concept of a sign-system and consider the role such a system plays in human communication. We also highlight the fundamental difference between a communication system and an information system. To help ground our discussion and provide a necessary distance from the present-day concern with digital computing and communication networks we engage with the historiography of information. We consider the use of information in Neolithic times and describe the case of clay tokens in Ancient Sumeria as one of the earliest examples of information representation and manipulation. Examination of this case allows us to propose a number of universal features of information and ‘information technology’.     

论信息环境保护建设

本文阐述了信息环境和信息环境污染的基本概念，并对社会信息环境问题进行深入探讨，进而提出信息环境保护建设的一些策略。     

Division of labour and sharing of knowledge for synchronous collaborative information retrieval

Synchronous collaborative information retrieval (SCIR) is concerned with supporting two or more users who search together at the same time in order to satisfy a shared information need. SCIR systems represent a paradigmatic shift in the way we view information retrieval, moving from an individual to a group process and as such the development of novel IR techniques is needed to support this. In this article we present what we believe are two key concepts for the development of effective SCIR namely division of labour (DoL) and sharing of knowledge (SoK). Together these concepts enable coordinated SCIR such that redundancy across group members is reduced whilst enabling each group member to benefit from the discoveries of their collaborators. In this article we outline techniques from state-of-the-art SCIR systems which support these two concepts, primarily through the provision of awareness widgets. We then outline some of our own work into system-mediated techniques for division of labour and sharing of knowledge in SCIR. Finally we conclude with a discussion on some possible future trends for these two coordination techniques.     

Informational Imperatives and Socially Mediated Relationships

Rational economic arguments focused on achieving efficient and productive IT use often guide discussions about technological infrastructure expansion. I characterize those compelling rational arguments as 'informational imperatives,' and I show that they generate unrealistic expectations based on assumptions about information resource use that do not reflect practice. My 'informational contexts' acknowledge that people value information and information resources based, in part, on the way they relate to the social world in which they live and work. If we base our expectations about information use on actual practice, would that reduce the potential economic benefit of expanding a national information infrastructure? I examine the social and organizational processes that direct IT use, and conclude that economic potential will remain high even if we alter information infrastructure policies to acknowledge and accommodate those processes that enhance expertise and foster socially mediated relationships.     

网格(Grid)技术在信息资源管理中的应用

网格技术是一门新兴的信息技术，人们在努力完善这门技术的同时，也将之投入到各种实用当中去。本文简要介绍网格技术的发展历程和基本概念与特征，并试图探讨网络技术在信息资源管理方面的应用。     

Challenges of information reuse in customer-oriented engineering networks

Project-based engineering companies are striving for innovation acceleration, and lean supply and product processes throughout the product lifecycle. The business orientation of engineer-to-order companies is customer-centric due to the nature of engineer-to-order products, which are tailored and customized according to the specific requirements of each customer. However, this customer orientation may lead to inefficient performance, due to a lack of mechanisms to reuse proven concepts, designs and production facilities, as well as an absence of feedback mechanisms from products in use and service. These challenges have been recognized in earlier empirical research projects conducted in companies providing engineer-to-order products. Based on an exploratory study of the existing literature, this paper aims to identify factors hindering product-related information reuse in an engineering business environment that comprises several networks of actors during the lifecycle of engineer-to-order products. The main challenges of information reuse in an engineer-to-order context are related to reuse situations, which require combining existing information with experience-based knowledge. A typology of factors and challenges of information reuse is built, and organizational development needs at different organizational levels as well as further research needs are identified.     

Query reformulation using automatically generated query concepts from a document space

We propose a new query reformulation approach, using a set of query concepts that are introduced to precisely denote the user’s information need. Since a document collection is considered to be a domain which includes latent primitive concepts, we identify those concepts through a local pattern discovery and a global modeling using data mining techniques. For a new query, we select its most associated primitive concepts and choose the most probable interpretations as query concepts. We discuss the issue of constructing the primitive concepts from either the whole corpus or from the retrieved set of documents. Our experiments are performed on the TREC8 collection. The experimental evaluation shows that our approach is as good as current query reformulation approaches, while being particularly effective for poorly performing queries. Moreover, we find that the approach using the primitive concepts generated from the set of retrieved documents leads to the most effective performance.     

网络情报学初探

本文提出了前网络时代情报学和网络情况学的概念，阐述了网络化对情报学理论与实践的挑战以及网络情报学形成与发展的主要脉络；初步探讨了网络情报学的主要内容；构筑了网络情报学的体系结构。     

Source preferences in the context of seeking problem-specific information

The study focuses on the ways in which people define their source preferences in the context of seeking problem-specific information for non-work purposes. The conceptual framework draws on two major concepts, that is, information source horizon and information pathways. The former denotes the ways information sources are mapped in preference order in an imaginary field, while information pathways refers to the sequences in which sources placed on the information source horizon are actually used. The empirical part of the study draws on semi-structured interviews with 18 individuals active in environmental issues. Human sources and the Internet were preferred most strongly in seeking for problem-based information. The major source preferences were content of information, and availability and accessibility. Usability of information sources and user characteristics were mentioned less frequently as preference criteria. Typically, information pathways consisted of the use of 3–4 sources. On average, human and networked sources were favored in the early phases of information seeking. Printed media such as magazines and organizational sources were often used to complement information received from human sources and the Internet. However, the source preferences varied considerably, depending on the requirements of the problem at hand.     

档案信息资源市场模式初探

本文从档案信息资源、档案信息资源市场等基本概念入手,对建立档案信息资源市场的基本构架进行了全面的论述。设计了档案信息资源网络市场模式,对建立档案信息资源市场的步骤与方法作了具体的论述。对建立市场过程中可能会出现的问题,提出了解决的方法。     

网络环境对传统信息交流理论的影响

本文阐述网络环境对传统信息交流理论的冲击。作者从信息交流的基本概念和交流体系的影响两方面分析，试图揭示传统信息交流理论需产生变革之处。