欧盟教育权限问题简论

依据共同体条约第149条的规定,欧盟在教育领域的权限十分有限。根据统一劳动力市场的需要,该条约中的一些条文为欧盟在教育领域突破第149条的限制提供了法律依据。1999年开始的布罗尼亚进程表面上限制了欧盟的教育权限,但为欧盟在教育领域的发展创造了空间,欧盟在高等教育领域的权限将会逐渐增加,但是到目前为止因权限不足,欧盟的教育政策体系并没有形成。     

Enthusiasts,fence-sitters and sceptics: faculty perspectives on study abroad in Australia and the Czech Republic

Although governments and universities worldwide recognise the value of study abroad as a means to prepare graduates to live and work in a globalising world, there is a wide gap between the rhetoric and reality. The reasons for this are complex, but one factor, not often discussed, is the role academics play in study abroad. This paper explores academics' perceptions of study abroad in universities within two higher education systems: Australian and Czech. Findings from both countries are considered across four themes: academics' perceived value of study abroad; ‘internationalising’ academic staff; academics' concerns about student equity and integrating study abroad into the curriculum at home. The implications for practice and further research are discussed.     

欧盟区域政策的启示

以市场条件下区域经济论为指导，从欧盟区域政策的提出，改革，完善，配套的新进过程，分析了欧盟制定区域政策的政治经济社会背景，研究了其内容和机制，得出发人深思的若干启示。     

Student perspectives on international education: an examination into the decline of Japanese studying abroad

The number of students going abroad for study purposes continues to grow exponentially, even despite the global economic downturns of recent years. One exception is Japan, where the number of students going overseas has continued to decline since the mid-2000s. This paper first explores various explanations for the persistent decline in Japanese study abroad based on a review of the literature and official sources. In particular, an analysis is done of the media's reporting of Japanese youth's supposed disinterest in overseas study. Secondly, questionnaire data from a survey of Japanese university students' perspectives on study abroad is analysed to help shed light on the motivating and de-motivating factors influencing the decision to study abroad. Lastly, implications are made regarding the potential consequences of decline in study abroad for Japan and its system of higher education.     

Study abroad as governmentality: the construction of hypermobile subjectivities in higher education

ABSTRACT

Drawing on the concept of hypermobility, the paper examines a case of study-abroad mobility from a governmentality perspective. Based on a critical analysis of policy texts and interviews with Irish students who have taken part in the Erasmus exchange programme, it argues that under the conditions of neoliberal globalisation, the normalisation of study abroad aims to produce self-governing practices that align with dominant discourses promoting voluntarist attitudes to labour mobility. These dispositions, described as hypermobility, are an additional dimension of the flexible, entrepreneurial subject imagined in neoliberal societies. The paper examines the discourses and practices at state and institutional levels and how they circulate and impact on students’ subjectivities – analysing affective detachment from home and cosmopolitan sociability as self-disciplining practices that align with the production of neoliberal hypermobile subjectivities.     

欧盟的发展与政治倾向

1993年11月1日《马斯特里赫特条约》生效、欧共体改为欧洲联盟，欧盟形成以后就开始考虑东扩。2004年5月1日起波、匈、捷、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、爱沙尼亚、马耳他、塞浦路斯等10国正式加入欧盟。现在，欧盟已经形成了一个横跨东西欧25国、面积400万平方公里、人口4．5亿、GDP约达10万亿欧元的新欧盟。在欧盟与与世界大国的关系中，欧盟与美国的关系变化较大。欧盟日益谋求与美国建立真正平等的伙伴关系，争取对欧洲事务的主导权，因此，欧盟对美国离心倾向不断增强。     

欧盟基本法司法化初探

欧盟基本法在整个欧盟法律体系中起着宪法的作用,其作用是通过基本法的司法化实现的。欧盟法院已经建立起一套完整的保障基本法的运行机制。欧盟基本法司法化大大推动了欧盟一体化的进程,提高了欧盟的国际地位。欧盟基本法司法化运作模式给构建中国特色的宪法司法化模式提供了更多的参考。     

Learning to globalise: Socrates,US education abroad,and the boundaries of citizenship

This article interprets interview-based research to reveal an incongruity between coinciding discourses of the twenty-first-century global marketplace and aspirations to universal equality, both contained within the claim that American university students must study abroad to become ‘global citizens’. It argues that there are deep tensions between two very different images of what citizenship entails – one treats education as a zero-sum means towards the maximisation of a specific set of bounded interests, while the other pictures education as a site of deliberation. It then reassesses both in light of an ethic of paradoxical self-critique to which both inadvertently lay claim.     

Reconsidering regionalisation in global higher education: student mobility spaces of the European Higher Education Area

This paper examines international student mobility between member states of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA), a group of 47 countries that committed to reforming their higher education systems to improve the comparability and compatibility of degrees. While increased student mobility is a key goal in its official documents, little research has empirically investigated student mobility patterns in respect to the EHEA. The analysis employs multivariate techniques to identify trends in student mobility between 1999 and 2009, using a spatial approach to visualise the relationships between member states as constituted through student mobility flows. Results show that within the analysis timeframe student flows in the EHEA became more even in their distribution, but that in terms of the relationships between states, the EHEA became more centralised and segmented, meaning that key actors mediated exchanges between peripheral states and the region was more easily divided into self-contained clusters. These trends indicate a need to critically reconsider the nature of the EHEA and its role in the globalisation of higher education.     

论欧盟律师服务贸易自由化

贸易自由化是欧盟经济与货币同盟的重要内容。在欧盟服务贸易自由化机制的推动下,律师服务同欧盟其它众多的服务行业一样,在自由化方面取得了重大成果。《律师服务指令》、《凭指令》和《永久执业指令》,以及一系列欧共体法院判例,基本上扫除了成员国律师在其他成员国境内临时性或永久性自由提供服务的障碍。欧盟的这一成果,预示着法律服务贸易自由化在WTO等国际经济组织的推动下,在全球范围内发展的趋势。     

高等学校非行政化:国际经验与对策

我国高等教育改革成效不明显甚至出现误区,原因主要在于未能突破行政化体制的束缚。国外教育经济主义思潮、教育评价制度、教育投资体制等可以为我国高等学校的非行政化改革提供理论支持、制度保证和经济保障。我国高等学校非行政化改革的对策是确立高等学校及其教师的主体地位,确立高等教育的独立价值标准,加大高等学校内部特别是人事制度和后勤社会化的改革。     

20世纪国外学习最优化研究概观

文章对20世纪学习最优化思想的涵义、主要观点与做法，以及研究的成就与局限，教训与启示等作了较为概括性的论述，对新世纪开展学习最优化研究具有借鉴意义。     

论债务危机背景下欧盟与“金砖四国”的双边经济关系

欧洲债务危机的爆发,使欧盟与＂金砖四国＂的双边贸易额迅速下降,影响了两区域间的贸易结合系数,特别是欧盟与中国的贸易结合度也大幅下降。但是,这对于＂金砖四国＂的一部分出口企业却是一个很好的市场机会,有利于它们打开欧洲内部的高端市场。而从欧盟与＂金砖四国＂的双边资本流动来看,债务危机令这两个区域得到的投资资金急剧下降,这不利于各自的经济增长。     

消除壁垒加强教育交流与合作--欧盟应对WTO的挑战

本文介绍了欧盟通过消除在语言、学分体系和教育信息通讯技术等方面存在的壁垒,加强欧盟各国教育交流与合作的系列计划和措施.     

International students in transnational mobility: intercultural connectedness with domestic and international peers,institutions and the wider community

International students’ connectedness with their peers, institutions and the broader community significantly affects their learning and wellbeing. It is important to understand their multiple desires for intercultural connectedness in order to nurture it. This paper analyses the motives and nature of international students’ intercultural connectedness. It is based on a study that includes more than 150 interviews and fieldwork with international students and staff from 25 vocational education colleges in Australia. Drawing on Blumer’s symbolic interactionism theory as a conceptual framework, the study found international students’ motivation to engage in intercultural connectedness is linked to not only their desire for respect and recognition for intellectual, cultural and linguistic capacities and diversities but also for employment aspirations. The research shows various dimensions in which intercultural engagement is seen to encompass not only empathy, sociability and equity but also employability. The findings suggest meaningful interaction is essentially bound to reciprocal learning.     

论超国家教育政策的功能——以欧盟的教育政策为例

伴随着欧洲一体化建设的不断深入,欧盟逐渐建立起一套超国家层面的教育政策体系.超国家层面的欧盟教育政策具有导向、协调和整合三种功能.与民族国家教育政策相比,超国家教育政策具有特殊性和复杂性.同时,其三种功能所发挥的影响各有不同.     

欧盟“伊拉斯谟计划”及其意义

伊拉斯谟计划作为欧盟(欧共体)推动的欧洲国家间的大学生流动计划,为我们提供了了解欧洲高等教育跨国合作的一个独特视角。本文通过阐述伊拉斯谟计划的实施背景、目前情况以及相关评估,指出了欧盟在该计划之外致力于推动高等教育国际化的新举措。     

同行评价:欧盟职业教育质量评价的重要方式

从2003年至今,欧盟已经在职业教育的不同项目中应用同行评价.同行评价作为保证和提升质量的重要手段,可以对职业教育机构所提供的质量进行外部监督.同行评价实现了职业教育评价的民主参与和跨国合作,同时也面临语言沟通、经费支持不足等问题.     

Policy Formulation and Networks of Practice in European eLearning: the emergence of a European E-Learning Area

This article discusses the emergence of a European E-Learning Area (EELA) as a consequence of three factors that can be observed in the e-learning developments over the past decade. The first factor consists of the carving of a policy sector in e-learning via formal instruments such as the eLearning Programme, the Lifelong Learning Programme and an array of other e-learning policy stipulations embedded in larger policy instruments at European level (e.g. Framework Programme). The second factor is represented by the mainstreaming of e-learning activities, both through formal and informal measures across multiple domains. Finally, the proliferation and consolidation of interlinked networks of practice as incubators of e-learning innovation and sharing of expertise act as the third factor in the shaping of EELA. The conceptualisation of EELA is substantiated through an analysis of the European e-learning policy documentation and the findings of a questionnaire distributed to the coordinators of projects under the eLearning Programme. In light of the findings, theoretical and practical implications for EELA as a nascent policy domain are explored and offered as a basis for further debate on this theme.