学习分析:大学教学信息化研究与实践的新领域

随着大学教学信息化进程的不断深化与发展,如何测量、挖掘、分析与利用在学习平台中积累的大量数据,以更好地支持教学与学习,进而改善和提升教与学的质量与效能,已成为摆在大学教学信息化研究者与实践者面前的现实课题。学习分析的兴起则为解决这一难题,提供了一系列的方法、工具和手段。文章将基于国内外学者的已有研究,通过对学习分析的发展脉络的梳理,对学习分析的内涵、过程、工具和方法作较为深入的解读,并尝试从推动大学教学创新的视角,阐释学习分析对促进大学教学信息化深入发展的重要价值和深远影响。     

学习分析：从源起到实践与研究

学习分析是“大数据”在教育领域的应用,引发了教育技术发展的第三次浪潮,并获得学术界的广泛关注。本文梳理了学习分析的形成过程,然后从利益相关者、研究目标、研究对象、技术方法四个维度,回顾了近五年来国内外学者在学习分析方面的研究成果,并提出未来发展趋势和可能遇到的挑战,便于相关人员制定教育决策、优化教育管理过程以及完善学习过程。研究结果表明,学习分析研究主题主要涵盖学习者知识建模、学习情绪建模、学习行为特征抽取、学习活动跟踪、学习者建模、学位获取分析、教学资源和教学策略优化、自适应学习系统和个性化学习、在线学习影响因素分析九个方面;分析数据主要来源于集中式学习环境、分布式学习环境以及身体活动数据;常用分析方法包括统计分析、信息可视化、数据挖掘、社会网络分析、话语分析和网站分析。目前,学习分析研究遇到的挑战包括教育数据预处理难度大、数据访问权限不明确、学习分析适用性有限。虽然学习分析尚处于发展初期,但由于能够为教育系统各级决策提供科学参考,已经成为教育信息化的重要内容之一。     

Interactive Effects of Prior Knowledge and Material Format on Cooperative Teaching

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the separate and combined effects of varied learning materials (knowledge maps or texts) and teaching props (overview maps or outlines) on the learning of 2 different sets of material within the context of cooperative teaching. The participants were assigned to 1 of 4 cooperative teaching groups that used knowledge maps or texts as study materials, teaching props, or both. Each dyad studied material on probability theory (PT) and on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). One participant was responsible for teaching 1 set of material and was the learner for the other set of material. The teachers significantly outperformed the learners on measures of recall that included content and organization. The effects of format of the study materials or communication props depended on the prior knowledge of the participants. Format of the materials affected scores on organization for the PT passage but affected the content of the recall of the ANS passage. The results of the experiment delineated some of the conditions under which knowledge maps and texts are effective as learning or teaching tools.     

Knewton:学习分析支持下的自适应学习平台

随着大数据技术、学习分析技术的发展,一大批基于数据分析的自适应学习平台应运而生,Knewton就是其中的一个。从学习组织、资源组织两个方面对“Knewton”进行了深层次剖析,得出了一些启示。     

An Educational Psychologist's Perspective on Cognitive Neuroscience

Byrnes and Fox present a thoughtful article on a neglected but important topic for educational psychologists. Some major contributions are their emphasis on the need for consistency in educational theory and neuroscience research, the lack of automatic correspondence between neuroscience research and educational applications, the need for educator awareness of neuroscience research, the importance of development, and the influence of early education. Limitations of the neuroscience perspective for education include inadequate examination of contemporary theories of learning and motivation, the generality of cognitive processes, the influence of student beliefs, and the role of self-regulation. Suggestions for future research are given.     

美国学科教学中的元认知能力训练

元认知能力是自我调控学习的核心要素,是学会学习的关键。学科教学中对学生的元认知能力进行科学化、系统化的训练是使学生形成该学科的自主学习能力的重要手段,也是实现教是为了不教目标的有益尝试。关国学者在学科教学中对学生进行元认知能力训练所取得的理论研究成果和积累的实践经验对我国当前的教育教学改革具有重要的借鉴意义。     

英语合作学习对学生自我调节效用的实验研究

本文就大学英语课堂教学中合作学习对学生自我调节效用进行实证研究。运用学习激励策略量表（MSLQ）进行了前测与后测。受试者为非英语专业大学一年级的学生（n=70）,将其随机分为两个组,一个为实验组,另一个为控制组。控制组的教学采用以教师为主要导向的传统教学方法;实验组采用以学生为中心的合作学习、团队研究解决问题的教学方法。研究结果表明,实验组的学生在内在目标取向、自我价值观念、运用借题发挥、批判性思维、元认知自我调节、同侪协作互动学习等策略的调节使用方面比控制组的学生程度要高,且两个组的成绩对比具有显著性差异。     

Learning Design – creative design to visualise learning activities

The focus on quality improvements by institutions for better online and blended teaching can be delivered in different ways. This article reports on the implementation of this process and the approaches taken first, in terms of the design of new learning materials, and second, when reviewing the existing curriculum. The study aims to ascertain whether the combination of a collaborative, networked approach at the initial design stage, augmented with visualisations, has changed the way educators design their courses at The Open University, UK. Analysis of 148 learning designs shows both before and after the introduction of Learning Design, which of the pedagogic decisions that educators made substantially changed. Courses that were designed after the introduction of Learning Design were more focused on the development of a range of skills and included fewer assimilative activities (reading, watching videos and listening to audio). Our findings suggest that by visualising the design upfront, educators focused less on traditional teaching patterns, such as the ‘teach, practice, apply’ model. Remarkably, just by visualising initial decisions and working in collaborative workshops, educators created more student-centred and creative designs aimed to develop a range of skills which support students in both their studies and the workplace. Further studies are needed to establish whether these pedagogic decisions have an impact on student outcomes and whether these findings can be replicated in different institutions.