县级公共图书馆管理体制改革的刍议

县级图书馆管理体制改革面临诸多困难和问题,坚定改革决心和意志,将改革进行到底,这是县级图书馆新生的必由之路。文章先分析县级公共图书馆管理体制情况,然后阐述县级图书馆管理体制改革的必要性,最后就县级图书馆管理体制改革措施和方法,进行重点分析探讨。     

对高校科技创新的几点思考

高校科技创新能力直接影响科研机构的科研水平。文章从分析高校在科技创新中的人才优势,揭示了当前高校在科技创新活动中存在的突出问题,提出了加强高校科技创新的若干对策与措施。     

试验站和农户管理水平下冬小麦水分利用效率比较

华北平原水资源缺乏与粮食需求增多之间的矛盾日益尖锐,提高作物水分利用效率是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。基于试验站试验数据和农户调查数据,对比分析了试验站和农户管理水平下华北平原冬小麦水分利用效率的差异;结合农户田块试验数据,验证了试验站管理水平下关键期淡水灌溉模式在农户田块推广的可行性。结果表明:试验站管理水平下冬小麦水分利用效率为14.30kg(/hm2·mm);农户管理水平下,88.96%农户田块面积的冬小麦水分利用效率低于试验站管理水平,主要原因是研究人员与农户种植目的不同、知识水平差距较大以及家庭联产承包责任制对农户种植积极性的制约等;农户之间作物水分利用效率差异明显,可能是农户田块土壤肥力、田块大小以及灌溉水质有一定差异等导致;试验站管理水平下关键期淡水灌溉模式适合在农户的田块进行推广,不仅能保证作物高产,而且可以提高作物水分利用效率。     

Interactivity,Dynamic Symbol Processing,and the Emergence of Content in Human Communication

A major step in resolving conceptual ambiguity surrounding interactivity involves making a distinction between micro-level psychological processes and the macro-level societal effects that emerge from them. The proposition cuts against the epistemological grain of social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, which have ontological commitments to a particular level of analysis. The position advanced here suggests theories where processes operate at one level and generate effects that emerge at a higher level. Further, it is argued that the best place to begin looking at the process of interaction is at the level of the neural circuit, a realm far below discussions that center at the interpersonal or cultural levels.     

John Hopcroft's views on China's education

Professor John Hopcroft at Cornell University is a Turing Prize winner (1986) and an educator with more than 55 years of teaching experience. For the past 10 years, Hopcroft has been coming to China to give courses to undergraduate students at Shanghai Jiaotong University (SJTU) and has helped SJTU to improve the quality of computer-science education. He also chairs the Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies at Peking University (PKU), the Turing Class at PKU and the Hopcroft Center at Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) in Wuhan, and is engaged in many other projects aiming to upgrade China''s computer-science undergraduate education. Recently, NSR talked with Professor Hopcroft to learn his views on education in China.     

江苏省水稻产量对气候变化的敏感性研究——基于县级和站点尺度

利用1980年-2008年江苏省县级农业统计资料和农业气象站水稻生产观测资料,在县级和站点两个尺度,采用多元统计方法定量揭示江苏省水稻生产对气候变化的敏感性.研究表明,基于县级和站点两个尺度,水稻全生育期内,气温(包括最低气温、最高气温、平均气温)呈显著增长趋势,并且最低气温的增长趋势高于最高气温的增长趋势,苏南地区的增长趋势高于苏北地区的增长趋势;降水量的变化趋势并不显著;辐射在苏北地区呈显著减少趋势而在苏南地区的变化趋势并不明显.大部分地区,水稻产量与最高气温、平均气温及辐射的正相关性较显著,与最低气温的相关性并不明显,而与降水量则呈负相关,相关性分析的结果在县级和站点两个尺度上较为一致.基于县级和站点两个尺度着重分析平均温度和降水量的变化趋势对产量的影响,发现江苏省平均气温变化趋势对产量影响约为0.77％,而对产量趋势的贡献约为0.21.降水量变化趋势对产量影响约为0.09％,而对产量趋势的贡献约为0.03.平均气温的增长趋势及降水量的变化趋势总体上有利于江苏省水稻的生产.     

Interactivity, Dynamic Symbol Processing, and the Emergence of Content in Human Communication

A major step in resolving conceptual ambiguity surrounding interactivity involves making a distinction between micro-level psychological processes and the macro-level societal effects that emerge from them. The proposition cuts against the epistemological grain of social sciences, such as psychology and sociology, which have ontological commitments to a particular level of analysis. The position advanced here suggests theories where processes operate at one level and generate effects that emerge at a higher level. Further, it is argued that the best place to begin looking at the process of interaction is at the level of the neural circuit, a realm far below discussions that center at the interpersonal or cultural levels.     

An empirical test of stage models of e-government development: Evidence from Dutch municipalities

In this article we empirically test stage models of e-government development. We use Lee's classification to make a distinction between four stages of e-government: informational, requests, personal, and e-democracy. We draw on a comprehensive data set on the adoption and development of e-government activities in 510 Dutch municipalities over the period 2004–2009. Our results show that progression through stages of e-government is mostly linear. However, it seems that a single dimension is insufficient to explain e-government development at the level of more specific features of e-government. Our analysis demonstrates that municipalities sometimes adopt certain e-government features at a later stage even if features of an earlier stage are not adopted at all. These findings suggest that municipalities can—at the level of e-government features—immediately proceed to later stages without having to pass through earlier stages. We conclude that stage models may have some value for benchmarking municipalities at the level of stages, but are inadequate in explaining or predicting the development of features at the different e-government stages.     

几个初中化学家庭小实验的教学解析

家庭小实验作为化学实验的重要组成部分,以其取材方便、操作简单、兴趣性与知识性强等特点逐渐受到广大师生的关注与喜爱.本文对几个初中化学家庭小实验进行了教学解析,家庭小实验在培养学生化学学习兴趣和科学探究能力上具有无可取代的优势,但是纵观教材中的家庭小实验栏目涉及的内容中存在地域限制、气候影响、某些用品如氢氧化钠、柠檬酸等不易取得等等问题,实际上就是家庭小实验本质上家庭化还不够的问题,这也是我们在教学和教学研究中必须重视的问题.     

国内外云服务研究现状对比分析

[目的/意义]云服务在经济建设、管理决策和社会发展中发挥着重要的作用，为了明确目前国内外云服务研究发展趋势和所存在的问题，对国内外云服务研究进行分析比较。[方法/过程]首先，对国内外云服务研究的发文趋势、演化路径和高频关键词网络进行分析；其次，分析了国内外云服务理论和应用研究，并对国内外云服务理论和应用研究进行了对比分析，归纳存在的问题。[结果/结论]目前国内外云服务研究的理论与应用既有交叉，又各有其侧重，未来云服务在应用方面的发展趋势将更加显著。     

VLAN技术在校园网中的应用

根据校园网应用中存在的问题，提出用VLAN技术解决问题的方法，接着介绍VLAN的定义和特点，最后详细介绍VLAN技术在校园网的应用。     

Probing of coupling effect induced plasmonic charge accumulation for water oxidation

A key issue for redox reactions in plasmon-induced photocatalysis, particularly for water oxidation, is the concentration of surface-accumulating charges (electrons or holes) at a reaction site for artificial photosynthesis. However, where plasmonic charge accumulated at a catalyst''s surface, and how to improve local charge density at active sites, remains unknown because it is difficult to identify the exact spatial location and local density of the plasmon-induced charge, particularly with regard to holes. Herein, we show that at the single particle level, plasmon-coupling-induced holes can be greatly accumulated at the plasmonic Au nanoparticle dimer/TiO₂ interface in the nanogap region, as directly evidenced by the locally enhanced surface photovoltage. Such an accumulation of plasmonic holes can significantly accelerate the water oxidation reaction (multi-holes involved) at the interfacial reaction site, with nearly one order of magnitude enhancement in photocatalytic activities compared to those of highly dispersed Au nanoparticles on TiO₂. Combining Kelvin probe force microscopy and theoretical simulation, we further clarified that the local accumulated hole density is proportional to the square of the local near-field enhancement. Our findings advance the understanding of how charges spatially distribute in plasmonic systems and the specific role that local charge density at reaction sites plays in plasmonic photocatalysis.     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Multimodal fake news detection via progressive fusion networks

Multimodal fake news detection methods based on semantic information have achieved great success. However, these methods only exploit the deep features of multimodal information, which leads to a large loss of valid information at the shallow level. To address this problem, we propose a progressive fusion network (MPFN) for multimodal disinformation detection, which captures the representational information of each modality at different levels and achieves fusion between modalities at the same level and at different levels by means of a mixer to establish a strong connection between the modalities. Specifically, we use a transformer structure, which is effective in computer vision tasks, as a visual feature extractor to gradually sample features at different levels and combine features obtained from a text feature extractor and image frequency domain information at different levels for fine-grained modeling. In addition, we design a feature fusion approach to better establish connections between modalities, which can further improve the performance and thus surpass other network structures in the literature. We conducted extensive experiments on two real datasets, Weibo and Twitter, where our method achieved 83.3% accuracy on the Twitter dataset, which has increased by at least 4.3% compared to other state-of-the-art methods. This demonstrates the effectiveness of MPFN for identifying fake news, and the method reaches a relatively advanced level by combining different levels of information from each modality and a powerful modality fusion method.     

1961-2010年中国0cm地温变化特征及其与气温变化的关系

近年来,气候变化尤其是气候变暖已成为一个全球性问题。下垫面作为大气的直接热源、水源,对气候的形成及维持具有重要意义。因此,研究地温变化特征及其与气温变化之间的关系,对探究气候变化机理具有重要意义。本研究利用中国581个气象站1961-2010年0cm地温、气温数据,将全国分为8个区域,采用相关分析、M-K非参数检验等方法,对0cm地温的时空变化、区域分异以及季节分异特征进行了研究,并分析了0cm地温变化与气温变化的关系。研究表明：中国0cm地温呈先降低后升高的趋势,2000年突变后升温趋势更为明显;中国大部分地区0cm地温都表现为升温趋势,且北方地区较南方升温更加明显,在过去50年中,南北温差呈现缩小的趋势;就各季节而言,冬季升温最明显,夏季升温最弱;相关分析表明,气温与0cm地温变化趋势及程度在大部分地区很相近,但在20世纪70年代之前及20世纪后期,0cm地温与气温变化存在较大差异。相对于气温的变化,0cm地温的升温幅度更大,突变时间较晚。     

包容性创新:概念、特征与关键成功因素

包容性创新是企业面向金字塔底层（BOP）市场进行多元价值创造的全新创新形态,在创造经济财富的同时也通过为穷人提供平等参与市场的机会而缓解与降低贫困,体现了创新促进商业与社会相容性发展的最新理念。本文对该领域进行初步的理论探索,首先对包容性创新进行概念界定与说明并描述其基本特征,进而归纳出包容性创新的关键成功因素,最后用一个具体案例予以说明,为后续研究奠定比较与验证的基础,也为企业在BOP市场的包容性创新实践提供参考与借鉴。     

读大学，你得学会什么？

对于大学新生来说,大学生活是一段崭新的旅途。他们对未来的大学生活充满憧憬和迷惘,对于即将向他们打开大门的大学生活显得茫然失措。本文针对这种现象,提出了在大学中学生应该学会的几项基本技能,包括院独立思考、善于表达等。     

两个不同海拔地区珠芽蓼抗氧化系统的比较研究

通过对两个不同海拔地区珠芽蓼抗氧化系统的比较研究,结果表明,较高海拔地区植物叶片内抗氧化系统,如紫外线吸收色素、抗坏血酸含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化酶的活性,均比低海拔地区同种植物叶片高;而丙二醛(MDA)以及超氧阴离子自由基的相对含量在较高海拔地区植物叶片内较高。两地珠芽蓼叶片内抗氧化系统的差异是植物经过长期形成的对不同地区环境的适应性反应     

基于分层模型的苹果种植农户气象灾害适应性行为研究

气象灾害适应性行为已经成为稳定苹果种植户收入,促进苹果产业可持续发展的重要举措。本文利用陕西、山东、甘肃和河南4个苹果主产省的45个村庄与931个农户调查数据,采用分层模型对苹果种植户气象灾害适应性行为进行研究。结果表明：96.67%的样本农户苹果生产受到气象灾害影响,其中85.92%的农户采用了适应性行为,但对包括覆膜、防冻剂等新型适应性措施的采用比例较低;村庄和农户层次的因素共同影响苹果种植户适应气象灾害的行为;村庄层次的苹果种植面积占比、基础设施供给情况,农户层次的户主风险类型、家庭规模、生产特征等因素正向影响农户采取适应性行为,而县年平均温度负向影响农户采取适应性行为;农户采取事前预防性行为和补救性行为的村庄与农户层次的影响因素存在较大差异。     

集成创新过程中的知识粘性表现及对策分析

知识粘性是知识转移过程中体现出来的困难因素.集成创新是以开放的产品建构来集成多种来源的技术,如何克服集成创新过程中的知识粘性成为技术集成创新成功的关键.本文将技术集成创新的过程分成三个阶段并研究了三阶段知识粘性的不同表现.第一阶段主要是吸收知识的能力、知识的相容性、多样性技能人才等;第二阶段主要是现有的知识技能存量、领域本体、知识来源的品质等;第三阶段主要是新知识的应用及其与预期目标的融合.分析了新科电子集团公司克服知识粘性实现系统集成创新的经验.研究目的在于帮助企业在开展集成创新时,针对三阶段知识粘性的不同表现,有针对性地采取克服知识粘性的措施,以提高集成创新的效率.