The C3 Framework: Evaluating Classroom Response System Interactions in University Classrooms

The larger the classroom, the more likely is it that communications consist of a one-way flow from the instructor to students. Classroom Response Systems (CRSs) are frequently hailed as technologies capable of improving communications by opening the space for dialogic engagement; yet, a causal relationship is not documented in the literature. The data reported on here stem from a mixed methodology study and provide insights into motivations for CRS use and enacted CRS use across disciplines, as well as student and instructor perceptions of the tool’s effects on teaching and learning. From these data emerged a framework of interaction (the C³ Framework) that situates CRS use from both the instructors’ and learners’ perspectives. The framework consists of an interdependent relationship between Concerns, Centeredness, and Control of discourse. Although this study took place in university classrooms, the C³ Framework presented here applies across educational settings.     

Effect of maternal rubella on hearing and vision: a twenty year post-epidemic study

Three years of research conducted at NTID beginning in 1984 examined the hearing and vision characteristics of two groups of deaf college students. All 242 students studied received complete audiometric assessments and ophthalmological examinations. Of those students examined, 104 were known to be deaf as a result of maternal rubella (congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) group). The remaining 138 (non-CRS group) became deaf for a variety of other reasons. No significant differences were found between groups in puretone thresholds for frequencies measured at octave intervals from 250 thru 8000 Hz. There were, however, significant differences between the two groups relative to their vision characteristics. Seven visual pathologies or resulting conditions were found to be more prevalent with the CRS population. Among them were 38 cases of amblyopia which might have been prevented with early intervention. The various implications of this problem are discussed.     

Teacher Learning of Technology Enhanced Formative Assessment

This study examined the integration of technology enhanced formative assessment (FA) into teachers’ practice. Participants were high school physics teachers interested in improving their use of a classroom response system (CRS) to promote FA. Data were collected using interviews, direct classroom observations, and collaborative discussions. The physics teachers engaged in collaborative action research (AR) to learn how to use FA and CRS to promote student and teacher learning. Data were analyzed using open coding, cross-case analysis, and content analysis. Results from data analysis allowed researchers to construct a model for knowledge skills necessary for the integration of technology enhanced FA into teachers’ practice. The model is as a set of four technologies: hardware and software; methods for constructing FA items; pedagogical methods; and curriculum integration. The model is grounded in the idea that teachers must develop these respective technologies as they interact with the CRS (i.e., hardware and software, item construction) and their existing practice (i.e., pedagogical methods, curriculum). Implications are that for teachers to make FA an integral part of their practice using CRS, they must: 1) engage in the four technologies; 2) understand the nature of FA; and 3) collaborate with other interested teachers through AR.     

基于手机短信的课堂应答系统设计与实现

课堂应答系统(CRS)在现代课堂教学中越来越受到人们的关注。文章给出了一种基于手机短信的课堂应答系统设计方案。它具有成本低,使用方便,功能丰富等特点。方案中核心硬件是一台专用短信接收设备,它结合了ARM单片机与短信收发模块M22,具有丰富的计算机接口,能够应用在各种多媒体教室中。该系统在实际课堂教学中得到了应用,能够满足课堂即时互动教学的要求,提高了教学效果。学生积极参与课堂应答系统教学。     

代称修辞的特例效果与地名代称物产例说

修辞在语言表达求新求变或者推陈出新上发挥了重要的推动作用,代称修辞又在词语的翻新求雅上起到了发动机的作用。即使代称之初显得生硬的新词,也会产生为社会广泛使用的“雅词”,形成“特例”效果,如割裂式代称所“打造”的“友于”一词;还有以地名代称物名也是代称中常见手法,只是在文献解读中易生误会,值得注意。     

城市居住区级公共体育设施规划布局方法研究

我国目前对居住区级公共体育设施重视不足、规划思想落后,造成我国城市公共体育服务设施供给的体制性供需失衡.从培养大众体育文化角度切入,探索符合我国城市实际的居住区级公共体育设施布局模式,进而为我国体育文化和体育市场的培育和可持续发展奠定基础.     

The Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework: what's academic practice got to do with it?

National Qualifications Frameworks (NQF) are a globally established and expanding phenomenon. They are increasingly merging and being mapped onto meta-qualifications frameworks. One key NQF in both these roles is the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework (SCQF). Much research categorises the different types of NQF, details their success and failure, and there is a steadily expanding body of critical research into NQF. Despite this, little research has focused on how NQF are used in day to day academic practice in the very institutions whose qualifications they frame. This article begins to redress this by focusing on the SCQF as an exemplar. It presents a synthesis between contemporary literature, a documentary analysis of SCQF literature and the data from interviews with 15 stakeholders in different educational roles. The findings show that, despite the claims of the SCQF literature and contemporary literature regarding the success of the SCQF, its diffusion and the extent of its use amongst these stakeholders are limited. Instead, it is used more as a symbolic tick box exercise and largely ignored. We discuss the implications of this and posit questions that challenge the focus of existing research into NQF and argue for a shift in the criteria by which they are judged from educational to market based ones.     

明清小说的史料价值

明清是中国小说史上的繁荣时期,大量优秀的小说可以作为史料使用。在使用小说作为史料时,需注意两个问题,一是文史互证,二是小说所反映的社会生活、风土人情是作者生活的时代,而不是小说中故事发生的时代。     

论文学研究中的“平常心”

文学研究需要做大量严谨细腻的工作,也需要作科学合理的理论化阐述,而当下的文学教学及研究分明体现出一种过度阐释的特征：大量的学术文章使用越来越多的抽象概念,越来越多的学术性话语,已经使得文学让人看不懂,而文学研究更使人如坠云雾,怎么都不明白。文学研究呼唤“平常心”,期待重视“常识”,体现“常情”,回归文学和人的本身。     

Technology-Enhanced Formative Assessment: A Research-Based Pedagogy for Teaching Science with Classroom Response Technology

Classroom response systems (CRSs) are a promising instructional technology, but most literature on CRS use fails to distinguish between technology and pedagogy, to define and justify a pedagogical perspective, or to discriminate between pedagogies. Technology-enhanced formative assessment (TEFA) is our pedagogy for CRS-based science instruction, informed by experience and by several traditions of educational research. In TEFA, four principles enjoin the practice of question-driven instruction, dialogical discourse, formative assessment, and meta-level communication. These are enacted via the question cycle, an iterative pattern of CRS-based questioning that can serve multiple instructional needs. TEFA should improve CRS use and help teachers “bridge the gap” between educational research findings and practical, flexible classroom strategies for science instruction.

直面人生的悲剧和心灵的深渊--铁凝近作中现实主义和荒诞手法运用小议

铁凝1996年之后的创作进行了一种新的探索,在内容方面更贴近当下普通人的生活,表现出一种过去不太明显的悲剧意识和批判精神.在创作方法上,荒诞,成为她探觅人类心灵深渊的一种特殊手法.铁凝在寻找一条"文以载道"精神与西方表现主义艺术的结合之路.     

Assessment of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A comparative evaluation of five,commonly used,published rating scales

ADHD is one of the most common referrals to school psychologists and child mental health providers. Although a best practice assessment of ADHD requires more than the use of rating scales, rating scales are one of the primary components in the assessment of ADHD. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide the reader with a critical and comparative evaluation of the five most commonly used, narrow‐band, published rating scales for the assessment of ADHD. Reviews were conducted in four main areas: content and use, standardization sample and norms, scores and interpretation, and psychometric properties. It was concluded the rating scales with the strongest standardization samples and evidence for reliability and validity are the ADDES, the ADHD‐IV, and the CRS‐R. In determining which of these to use, the prospective users may want to reflect on their goals for the assessment. The ACTeRS and the ADHDT are not recommended for use because they are lacking crucial information in their manuals and have less well‐documented evidence of reliability and validity. Conclusions and recommendations for scale usage are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 40: 341–361, 2003.     

Mapping the Learning Styles “Jungle”: An overview of the literature based on citation analysis

Educationists and researchers who consider the use of the learning style concept to address individual differences in learning are often daunted by the multitude of definitions, models, and instruments. It is difficult to make an informed choice. The confusion with cognitive style, a term often used as a synonym, makes it even more complicated. Reviews of the literature give some direction, but there are a number of arguments why the available reviews raise new problems. In this paper, citation analysis is presented as a technique to develop an alternative organisation of the learning style and cognitive style literature. Application of this technique results in a review that clarifies dominant theoretical orientations in the literature, is helpful to identify the relative impact of different orientations, and helps to illuminate their interrelationships. As such, this alternative review of the literature can serve as a roadmap for novices to the styles field.     

Complexity and contradiction: Disciplinary expert teachers in primary science and mathematics education

This article presents a systematic literature review about disciplinary expert teachers in primary science and mathematics education. This is a timely synthesis of the literature, as current reforms in teacher education in Australia and internationally require primary teachers to have specialised knowledge in a learning area. Systematic review protocols were used to identify and evaluate the relevance of numerous articles of which thirty-seven were included in the final analysis. Findings show insufficient evidence about whether expert teachers have a positive impact on instructional quality and student learning. Implications are discussed with reference to the current policy moment in Australia and teacher education more broadly.     

The use of augmented reality games in education: a review of the literature

This paper provides a review of the literature about the use of augmented reality in education and specifically in the context of formal and informal environments. It examines the research that has been conducted up to date on the use of those games through mobile technology devices such as mobile phones and tablets, both in primary and secondary education. The review of the relative literature was carried out in the period 2000 to early 2014 in ScienceDirect and ERIC. The outcomes of this review illustrated a set of studies that provide evidence of positive outcomes regarding student learning. These studies, which focused mainly on the natural sciences and took place within informal learning environments, used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The earliest study that was conducted about this topic used personal digital assistants, while the more recent one used smart (mobile) phones and tablets. The services of augmented reality focused on markers/quick response codes, virtual items, global positioning system services as well as on platforms for game creation. The findings of the literature review are discussed in relation to research approaches that are needed for augmented reality games to be played either in formal or informal learning environments.     

Culture as a tool: facilitating knowledge construction in the context of a learning community

Knowledge construction is regarded as an effective learning model in practice. When more and more learning communities are organized to promote knowledge construction, it is necessary to know how to use different tools to support knowledge construction in the learning community context. In the literature, few researchers discuss how to construct knowledge with such tools in the contexts of learning communities. The purpose of this project is to explore how culture as a tool supports knowledge construction in the context of the Zhabei Learning Community in Shanghai, China. Social constructionism and the cultural diamond are employed as devices to frame the study. Some of the conclusions are influenced by postmodernism. Data from five learning cells indicate that culture is a bridge that connects multiple knowledge creators together; culture is a prop which transfers knowledge to a variety of receivers; culture is a lubricant nurturing an open learning environment; and culture is used as a toolkit to compose the new knowledge product.     

Incorporating Measurement Nonequivalence in a Cross-Study Latent Growth Curve Analysis

A large literature emphasizes the importance of testing for measurement equivalence in scales that may be used as observed variables in structural equation modeling applications. When the same construct is measured across more than one developmental period, as in a longitudinal study, it can be especially critical to establish measurement equivalence, or invariance, across the developmental periods. Similarly, when data from more than one study are combined into a single analysis, it is again important to assess measurement equivalence across the data sources. Yet, how to incorporate nonequivalence when it is discovered is not well described for applied researchers. Here, we present an item response theory approach that can be used to create scale scores from measures while explicitly accounting for nonequivalence. We demonstrate these methods in the context of a latent curve analysis in which data from two separate studies are combined to estimate a single longitudinal model spanning several developmental periods.     

Instructor experiences with a social networking site in a higher education setting: expectations, frustrations, appropriation, and compartmentalization

Researchers and practitioners have suggested that the use of social networking sites in formal education may be a worthwhile endeavor. Toward this goal, emerging learning platforms have included social networking features. Nevertheless, empirical literature examining user experiences, and more specifically instructor experiences, with these tools is limited. In this qualitative study, we address this gap in the literature by reporting the experiences of five instructors who used a social networking platform in their courses. We find that instructors (a) had expectations of Elgg that stemmed from numerous sources, (b) used Elgg in heterogeneous ways and for varied purposes, (c) compartmentalized Elgg and used it in familiar ways, and (d) faced frustrations stemming from numerous sources. We note that the ways Elgg came to be used “on the ground” is contested and contrasts starkly with the narrative of how social software might contribute benefits to educational practice. In addition, we note that learning management systems may frame the ways through which other tools, such as social media and Elgg, are understood, used, and experienced.     

卡通对儿童文学的重要意义

卡通和儿童文学是两种不同的艺术形态。但它们之间又有着密切的关系，卡通是文学和美术、影视结合的综合性艺术，是儿童文学的一种载体和传播形式。卡通对儿童文学具有重要意义。特别是对幼儿文学而言。具象化的卡通更易于被幼儿接受。使幼儿更早地独立地接受文学熏染成为可能。再者，在电子传媒文化蓬勃发展的今天。传统儿童文学文本已不再有昔日的辉煌。借助卡通这种容易为儿童所获取、所接受，深受儿童喜爱的艺术传播形式，能够扩大儿童文学的辐射和影响力，使更多的儿童获得精神的滋养。     

Socioeconomic and ethnic determinants of age-grade distortion in Bolivian and Guatemalan primary schools

In this paper, after reviewing the literature on school progress — particularly age-grade distortion (over-age) and grade repetition — in developing countries, a series of factors that relate to age-grade distortion are examined using household survey data from Bolivia and Guatemala. A model is developed to estimate the incidence and determinants of age-grade distortion. Multivariate logistic regression analysis is used to estimate the determinants of age-grade distortion, the results of which are used to obtain probabilities through simulations. The empirical analysis reveals that certain populations are more likely to be over-aged in primary school: children from less wealthy households and children of indigenous origins. This suggests that any targeting activities should be directed at the poor and should have an indigenous component, such as bilingual education.