学困生期望与学业成败的关系

本文对学生期望与学业成败互动关系模式进行了调研。学困生的职业期望与学生期望的水平均低,且两者之间显现出显著的相关性。学生期望的形成及其作用机制非常复杂,现实的学业水平高低状况是期望互动的逻辑起点,学生期望的形成是一个社会性过程,从学生期望的作用机制来看,期望对于学业成败有显著影响。本文还对学生期望问题在教育实践上的意义和实施进行了探讨。     

学困生期望与学业成败的关系

本文对学生期望与学业成败互动关系模式进行了调研。学困生的职业期望与学生期望的水平均低．且两者之间显现出显著的相关性。学生期望的形成及其作用机制非常复杂,现实的学业水平高低状况是期望互动的逻辑起点,学生期望的形成是一个社会性过程,从学生期望的作用机制来看,期望对于学业成败有显著影响。本文还对学生期望问题在教育实践上的意义和实施进行了探讨。     

社会学的视角：师生关系对学生学业成败的影响及其启示

学业成败,即学业成绩差异。它不仅是学校教育的结果,更是进行识别、分流、筛选的主要依据。而师生关系是影响学生学业成败的重要因素之一,它通过“教师期望”和“师生互动”两个中介变量对学生的学业成败产生影响。本文从分析这两个变量着手,研究它们对学生学业成败产生影响的具体机制,并在此基础上提出建议。     

父母教育卷入与小学生学业成绩的关系——教育期望和学业自我效能感的共同调节作用

本研究以379名四到六年级小学生为被试,采用问卷法考察了小学生自我报告的教育期望、学业自我效能感及其父母报告的教育卷入行为,并通过学校获得小学生的学业成绩。结果发现,小学生教育期望、学业自我效能感均对其学业成绩有显著的正向预测作用,且教育期望、学业自我效能感与父母教育卷入的三阶交互作用显著。对三阶交互作用的进一步分析发现:(1)当小学生学业自我效能感较高且教育期望较高时,父母教育卷入对学业成绩有负向预测作用;(2)当小学生学业自我效能感较高但教育期望较低时,父母教育卷入对学业成绩有正向预测作用;(3)当小学生学业自我效能感较低时,无论其教育期望高或低,父母教育卷入对学业成绩均无显著预测作用。上述研究结果表明,小学生的学业自我效能感水平牵制了其教育期望是否在父母教育卷入与学业成绩的关系间起调节作用。     

贫困地区中学生学业自我效能、期望水平与学业成就的关系研究

对农村贫困地区初中学生学业自我效能、期望水平与学业成就的关系进行测量研究表明：学业成就不同组学生的学业自我效能、期望水平存在明显差异，且呈显著正向关系，学业优秀组学生的学业自我效能和期望水平最高、中等组次之、较差组最低。逐步回归分析显示，学业自我效能对学业成就具有很强的积极影响作用，可作为衡量学生实际学习能力的一个重要方面。     

论青少年的学业自我及其教育培养

学业自我是教育心理学中一个备受重视的研究课题.学业自我既是预测个体学业成败的一个重要指标;也是预测个体人格健全的敏感因素.我国目前青少年学业自我发展的总体水平并不乐观,这与我国现行学校教育实践中普遍存在的诸多危害学生积极学业自我概念形成的教育理念、教育方法、教育评价有关.学校培养青少年积极的学业自我,应注意改善青少年的学习和生活环境;合理利用竞争,引导学生做有利评价;促进学生学业发展,增加成功体验.     

中职学生自我效能感与学业成败归因的关系研究

通过实证数据探讨中职学生自我效能感与学业成败归因的关系,能帮助学生在学习的过程中提高自我效能感,形成积极的归因方式,改善学习成绩。研究发现：中职学生自我效能感处于中等偏上水平,但在性别、年级、班级类型上不存在显著差异;中职学生学业成败归因倾向于内控性因素,但不同年级、不同班级类型的学生在失败内归因上存在着显著的差异;中职学生的自我效能感与学业成败外控性归因呈负相关,即自我效能感越高的学生越倾向于内控性归因。     

初中生学业自我妨碍现状及其与学业成败归因的相关研究

目的:探讨初中生学业自我妨碍的现状,学业自我妨碍与学业成败归因的关系。方法:采用学业自我妨碍量表和初中生学业成败归因问卷对502名初中生进行问卷调查。结果:①初中生学业自我妨碍水平较高;②学业自我妨碍在性别(t=0.037,P0.05)、家庭住址(F=0.370,P0.05)、年级(F=1.011,P0.05)和父母教养方式(F=0.792,P0.05)上存在显著差异;③成功外部不可控和失败外部不可控起正向预测作用,成功内部可控和失败内部可控起负向预测作用。结论:初中生学业自我妨碍水平较高,内部归因较高的学生学业自我妨碍水平较低,外部归因较高的学生学业自我妨碍水平较高。     

农村初中生的学业成败归因倾向研究

为了解农村初中学生的学业成败归因倾向,本文对511名农村初中生进行调查研究。结果表明:被试对学业成败的努力归因倾向得分最高,不同归因倾向的性别之间、年级之间、住宿方式之间、成绩之间均存在显著差异。建议教师积极引导学生的学业归因方式,激发学生学习的内驱力,提高学习效果。正视农村学生的成败归因倾向,鼓励学生积极归因;因材施教,增强各群体的自信心;替代强化,优化学生的归因方式;矫正训练,培养学生自我归因能力,形成积极的归因风格。     

教师期望对初中生自尊、学业自我效能感的影响

以289名中学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨教师期望对学业效能感的影响,以及自尊在教师期望与学业自我效能感之间的作用。结果如下:(1)教师期望与初中生自尊成正相关,教师期望与初中生学业自我效能感成正相关;(2)教师期望对初中生学业自我效能感有非常显著的正向预测作用;(3)自尊在教师期望与学业自我效能感之间起中介效应。     

走向复杂人性论：当代新型教师应采取的人性假设取向

本文从人性假设的视角来分析当今教师对学生的分析应该采取的人性假设。文中通过对传统师生关系的演变透析其背后的教师所采用的人性假设,认为“以教师为中心”的师生关系中,教师对学生人性假设是：学生的本性是恶的;而“以学生为中心”的师生关系中,教师的假设是：学生的本性是善的。但这些假设都是单一的、二元对立思维在教育领域的呈现,在这些假设指引下,教师的教学质量很难说是令人满意的。为此,本文在对上述两种师生关系模式分析的基础上,提出当今教师对学生的人性假设取向：学生的本性是复杂的。教师在此假设指引下,从教学设计、教学过程和教学反思三方面来落实和改进自己的教学,从而促进师生双方的发展和进步。     

‘That teacher really likes me’ - Student-teacher interactions that initiate teacher expectation effects by developing caring relationships

Teacher expectations are associated with student academic achievement, but no research has generated new theory that explains how teacher expectation effects occur from students' perspectives. A substantive theory explaining the process through which students reconcile with their teachers' expectations is presented in this paper, emphasising the role of caring student-teacher relationships in teacher expectation effects on academic achievement. The theory was constructed with 25 grade 10 participants across three Western Australian secondary schools, with data including 100 interviews and 175 classroom observations. The analysis and synthesis of the data confirmed that the students acted in ways that they reflected improved their academic attainment when their teachers communicated high expectations of them. Noddings' enduring philosophy of the ‘ethic of care’ is used as a discussion framework, emphasising implications for how teachers practise and learn to interact with their students so that they can initiate positive teacher expectation effects on student learning.     

大学生实习经历对就业期望的影响——基于中西部十省份的实证研究

利用中西部十省份的数据,运用回归分析方法,探讨了大学生在大学期间的实习经历对其就业期望的影响状况。结果表明：大学生的就业期望在性别和家庭城乡背景上具有显著性差异;大学生的实习经历会对他们的未来工资收入预期来带一定影响,会明显地影响他们对不同就业部门的选择;理科和工科学生在大学期间有过实习经历会在一定程度上降低他们对未来工资收入的预期,在一定程度上则会增加文科学生对未来工资收入的预期;文科和工科学生在大学期间有过实习经历会明显地倾向于选择到国有部门就业,而对理科学生的影响则不具有显著性;大学生对未来工资收入的预期明显地影响着他们对就业部门的选择,收入预期越高越倾向于选择国有部门,且对文理工科学生的影响都是一致的。     

学生学业评价：含义、作用与改革趋势

学生学业评价是学校教学质量评价的组成部分,是促进学生学习进步和帮助教师不断改善教学策略的重要手段。学生学业评价对于课程的实施具有很强的导向、激励和反馈作用。课程改革背景下的学生学业评价正在从单一的纸笔考试向多元的考核方法扩展,不仅关注学生的学业成绩,而且注重发现和挖掘学生多方面的潜能,提高学生的综合素质,旨在为学生的成长和健康发展提供全面的反馈信息。     

Adjusting expectations or maintaining first impressions? The stability of teachers' expectations of students’ mathematics achievement

The issue of teacher expectation stability is crucial in understanding the self-fulfilling prophecies generated by teacher expectations. However, currently there is a lack of empirical evidence related to teacher expectation stability. The aim of the current study was to assess the temporal stability of teacher expectations of their students’ mathematics achievement within the timeframe of one school year. Random-Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models were employed based on a sample of 2536 students taught by 89 teachers in New Zealand elementary and middle public schools. Strong rank order stability was found in teacher expectations at the between-student level. Expectation instability was present at the within-student level. Paths from student mathematics achievement to teacher expectations were stronger than the paths in the opposite direction, indicating that teachers adapted their expectations for students to fall in line with student performance and continued to do so throughout the year.     

写作教学应追求思想美的境界

学生的思想美不美决定他的文章美不美,精神的贫弱、思想的空虚、思考的缺失难以写出美文。教师评判学生的作文过程就是＂发现并欣赏思想之美的过程＂,文章会表达作者的＂思想＂,＂好思想＂支撑好文章,＂有思想＂才能成就好文章。训练＂思想之美＂应该是写作教学的根本,训练美好的思想不仅可以写成好文章,而且可以成就美好的人。教师应努力在高中写作教学中捍卫精神健康、促进心灵高贵、追求思想之美,让写作呈现的思想之美影响学生的心灵,从而达到美好的教育境界。     

Teachers' explicit expectations and implicit prejudiced attitudes to educational achievement: Relations with student achievement and the ethnic achievement gap

In this paper, we consider whether teachers' explicit and implicit prejudiced attitudes underlie the ethnic achievement gap. To date, most research on teacher expectation effects has relied on explicit expectation measures that are prone to social desirability biases. In contrast, we examine the effects of teachers' (a) explicit ethnicity-based expectations for academic achievement and (b) implicit prejudiced attitudes about academic achievement on students' actual academic success over time. A total of 38 teachers completed both a traditional teacher expectation measure and a modified Implicit Association Task designed to assess ethnic stereotypes associated with academic achievement and failure. A multi-level analytic framework showed that students in classrooms of teachers with high expectations performed better in reading at the end of the year and that these effects were found across all ethnic groups. In contrast, whereas students' mathematics achievement scores were largely unrelated to teachers' explicit expectations, teachers' implicit prejudiced attitudes predicted student performance. Specifically, students benefited most academically when their teachers' implicit biases favored the ethnic group to which the student belonged. Findings are discussed in relation to differences in the salience of teachers' expectations and implicit prejudiced attitude in the classroom, and the ethnic achievement gap.     

农村学校布局调整对学生成绩的影响——基于两水平增值模型的分析

文章使用＂西发项目＂广西壮族自治区的面板数据考察农村小学布局调整对学生成绩的影响,对比两水平增值模型和OLS估计结果发现,学校布局调整整体上对小学生成绩具有负向影响,对语文成绩的影响尤为显著。学校办学条件、生均寄宿面积、学校满意度对学生成绩有正向影响,寄宿生的成绩略低于非寄宿生,家校距离、家庭经济负担、学校配套设施不健全、学校心理疏导缺失等因素对学生成绩产生负向影响,这种负向影响已经超出了学校办学条件等因素对学生成绩的正向影响。在实证研究的基础上,文章提出布局调整过程中,在改善办学条件的同时,应当做好硬件配套设施和软件环境的建设,保障相关财政投入,加强监督,以实现提高教育质量的目标。

Abstract：

This paper use the panel data of BEWAP to study the effect of layout adjustment of schools on student achievement in primary school of rural area in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region.By the comparisons of two-level value-added model and OLS estimation results,the research shows that the layout adjustment policy generally has a negative effect on primary school students＇ achievement,especially on the language achievement.Specifically,the factors of school condition,dormitory area per-student and degree of school satisfaction have positive impacts on student achievement,the achievement of resident student slightly lower than non-resident student.The factors of farther home-school distance,more financial burden of families,inadequate supporting facilities of schools and the absence of psychological or other assistance have negative impacts on students＇ achievement,which are higher than the policy＇s positive effects.Based on the empirical study,this research suggests that the government should construct better hardware establishment and software condition while the improvement of school condition in the process of layout adjustment,ensure relevant financial input and enhance supervision so as to realize the goal of improving education quality.     

Educator Expectations in Full-Day Kindergarten: Comparing the Factors That Contribute to the Formation of Early Childhood Educator and Teacher Expectations

Teachers incorporate information from various sources as they form their academic expectations for students. The student record of prior achievement is the most salient factor that educators use to form their expectations for children’s achievement. Research on the factors that influence educator expectations has primarily focused on the ways teachers assimilate various pieces of information about students. More recently, there is an interest in moving away from this perspective and focusing more on teacher factors that may influence these differing expectations. The purpose of this research was to explore the factors that contribute to the formation of educator expectations in Full-Day Kindergarten. This study presents an in-depth examination of reports from Early Childhood Educators (ECEs) and teachers on their teaching philosophies, roles, teaching practices, and interactions that support students in meeting curriculum expectations. This study elucidates the differences in the two groups in terms of how their expectations are formed and in turn how they may affect processes leading to child outcomes. Furthermore, this research responds to existing gaps in the educator expectation field by extending the research to include the early years.     

浅议课堂教学中教师的“错误”观

在课堂教学中,学生经常会出现各种各样的错误。面对学生的错误,教师所持的态度直接影响着教学的效果和学生错误潜在价值的充分发挥。教师的“错误”观是教师教育观、课程观、学生观的集中反映,也是其教学能力、评价能力的重要体现。教师在课堂教学中面对学生错误时,应该具有科学的“错误”观,如课程资源观、启发契机观、审视教学观、评价信息观。教师应该在这些“错误”观的指导下,采取正确的策略去帮助学生纠正错误。