To succeed or not to succeed: A critical review of issues in learned helplessness

A critical analysis of theoretical and methodological issues in learned helplessness is presented. Researchers have tended to focus upon learned helplessness as a behavioral trait independent of contextual conditions. Learned helplessness has been studied exclusively in achievement settings using achievement tasks, perceived as maladaptive behavior requiring some intervention strategy or retraining program. It has not been studied as an adaptive response to situational demands. It is the purpose of this paper to analyze the theoretical backgrounds and methodological limitations of much of the research in learned helplessness and to suggest new directions and implications for education.     

浅谈如何在阅读教学中实施问题教学

在阅读教学中实施问题教学,对于激发学生阅读的认知动力,强化阅读的认知操作活动,提高阅读活动效能,培养学生独立阅读的能力以及评价反馈阅读教学效果,都有极为重要的意义.本文从三方面探讨了如何在阅读教学中实施问题教学创设问题情境、培养学生的问题意识;教给学生质疑方法,启发学生提出问题;教给学生解疑方法,培养他们解决问题的能力.     

External factors associated with adopting a CMS in resident college courses

Course management systems (CMSs) have become a common resource for resident courses at colleges and universities. Researchers have analyzed which CMS features faculty members use most primarily by asking them which features are used. The study described builds on previous research by counting the number of CMS features a faculty member used and by analyzing how three external factors are related to the use of CMS features. The external factors are (a) the college in which a course was offered, (b) class size, and (c) the level of a class—such as 100 or 200. The only external factor showing a statistically significant relationship to the use of CMS features was the college in which a course was offered. Another finding was that CMSs are primarily used to transmit information to students. Implications are described for using external factors to increase effective use of more complex CMS features.     

当代大学生道德失范及教育

文章针对当代大学生道德失范的现象及原因作了分析和研究 ,并在此基础上 ,提出教育对策     

美国农村公共服务:运作与借鉴

美国农业及高等教育的高度发达,与其健全、完善、先进的农村服务供给密切相关。政府主导下的供给主体和方式的多元化、以赠地学院为龙头的科教兴农有效运行机制是美国农村公共服务供给中的显著特色和成功经验。美国农村公共服务供给的这些特点和经验对于当前我国农村公共服务供给的改善、社会主义新农村的建设、高等教育结构的调整及地方本科高校的转型发展具有十分重要的借鉴意义。     

浅议《墨子》中副词修饰名词的教学价值

副词是一类极其复杂的词,其主要的语法功能是修饰谓词性的词语,作状语。本文从《墨子》一文出发,探讨修饰名词的副词及其教学价值。据统计共有23个副词,涉及范围副词、程度副词、时间副词、情状副词、否定副词、语气副词、频率副词7个类别,约占《墨子》副词总数的20%,为古汉语的副词修饰名词教学提供了素材。     

Generating a desired state for master's degree programs in science education through grounded theory research

This is the report of a two-year study using qualitative research methods to assess the training needs of science teachers in southern Florida. The respondents included individuals and groups comprising the educational enterprise and those outside the enterprise with the ability to influence policy in science education and implementation of that policy in Florida. The study resulted in recommendations describing the desired state for graduate training leading to a master's degree in science education and has implications for noncredit inservice activities.     

Learning to succeed in a flat world: information and communication technologies for a new generation of business students

This article investigates the relationship of learning and its infrastructure using Web 2.0 technologies to facilitate the acquisition of skills needed to succeed in a global economy. We explore the learning phenomenon as a way to bring forward a process of continuous improvement supported by social software. We use a commonly accepted definition of learning to evaluate different learning theories, since it seems that the definition of learning itself is not a major source of difference between learning theories. Their differences are over issues of interpretation, not over definition. The theories reviewed are used in the design of a framework to assess the infrastructure against expectations of skill proficiency using Web 2.0 tools, i.e., wikis, blogs, social bookmarking, tagging, etc. which must emerge as a result of registering in an introduction to business information and communication technologies (ICT) course in a Canadian university. In this course, we use Friedman’s (The world is flat: a brief history of the twenty-first century release 3.0, Picador, New York, 2007) thesis that the “world is flat” to discuss issues of globalization and the role of ICT. Students registered in the course are usually familiar with some of the tools we introduce and use in the course. The students are members of Facebook or MySpace, regularly check YouTube, and use Wikipedia in their studies. These tools are the tools to socialize. In our course, we broaden the students’ horizons and explore the potential business benefits of such tools and empower the students to use Web 2.0 technologies within a business context.     

焉能如此解《论语》——以《论语》首章为重点

沈善增先生所著<孔子原来这么说>,自谓是一部颠覆<论语>旧注的力作,由此引出了对孔子的哲学思想体系的重新认识.实际上,沈善增先生(以下简称著者)颠覆旧注的主要手法,是利用<论语>中某些关键词的多义性,以回复本义、回到当时语境的名义,推陈出新,得出全新的概念,从而颠覆旧注的重大失误,然后再揣摩语辞背后的不尽之意.必须指出,从辨析字义入手训释<论语>(其他古籍亦如此),固然是一种好方法,不过却不可借文字的多义性搞拉郎配,从而节外生枝,弄出新的错误.<论语>的语言含蓄,往往意在言外,发掘其深层含义也是训释工作的一项重要任务.但切忌附会,主观臆测,生出种种莫须有的有害纠缠.     

无人售货摊为何能摆百年

瑞士那些如画的自然风光,让人心旷神怡,而当地淳朴诚信的民风民俗,更是让人们的心灵受到强烈震撼。来瑞士的第一年初秋,我驱车去小镇采风,偶然间看到乡间路边摆放着许多南瓜。这些南瓜按大、中、小号分堆摆着,每堆前面有个牌子,标着"5瑞士法郎、2瑞士法郎、1瑞士法郎"。我正疑惑时,看见有人走过去,拿了一个大南瓜,然后把5瑞士法郎硬币投进旁边的罐子里。我恍然大悟,原来这就是瑞士传统的无人售货摊。欣喜中,我拿了一个中号南瓜,将2瑞士法郎放进钱罐里。事后,我想考证这种售货方式在瑞士存在了多久。一位年过花甲的当地老太太告诉我,她的外婆小     

How Can We Measure the Success of National Science Policies in the Short or Medium Term?

As science and engineering are taking on an increasing political importance in a knowledge-driven economy, there is growing need for Governments, scientists, industrialists and voluntary groups to measure the degree to which national science policies are contributing effectively to economic and social wellbeing. However, the long-term and diffuse nature of their effects makes it difficult to ascertain with great confidence the likely benefits of particular science policies. As a pressure group concerned with the scientific strength of the UK, the Campaign for Science and Engineering has developed a series of five tests that must be met if politicians and others are to have a reasonable level of certainty that the country has robust policies in terms of public investment in research; the career structure of scientists and engineers; the system of science education; private sector investment in research; and the use of scientific advice by public bodies. These tests could be used or adapted by other nations or supranational bodies to give a broad picture of their strengths and weaknesses in science and technology policy. At present, the UK does not meet any of these simple criteria.     

Bridging the gap between policy and practice: adopting a strategic vision for partnership working in special education

The desirability of parents and professionals in special education working in partnership continues to be expressed through Government policy and legislation and through voluntary sector initiatives. Moreover, partnership working attracts significant financial investment. Yet effective, working parent - professional partnerships often remain elusive in practice. In this article, Susanna Pinkus, a teacher, consultant and teaching practice supervisor who recently completed her PhD, describes her research into partnerships between parents and professionals. She bases her assertions on the daily experiences of 14 parents based in four London education authorities and attributes an absence of effective collaboration to lack of understanding about how partnerships between parents and professionals do, and should, function in the special educational context. In order to bridge this gap between the rhetoric of policy and the difficulties that are frequently reported in developing parent-professional relationships in practice, Susanna Pinkus identifies and discusses four principles as being central to forming effective partnerships.     

宪法能否成为判决的依据

首先通过对学术界关于宪法能否成为判决依据的诸种观点的分析及其审判实践中宪法地位现状的考察 ,指出了宪法长期以来不能成为判决依据的原因。然后 ,在比较法的视野上探讨了宪法的适用制度 ,阐述了确立宪法审判依据地位的意义 ,同时为完善我国的宪法适用制度提出了自己的建议     

Parental abusive versus supportive behaviors and their relation to hostility and aggression in young adults

The relation of parental support to abuse has rarely been considered in research on the sequelae of childhood abuse in adulthood. In this study, using the Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI), young adults who reported higher emotionally abusive parenting (EA) consistently reported significantly lower love and support from both parents. The relation between physically abusive parenting (PA) and love/support depended upon gender of parent and child. EA was significantly related to higher hostility and higher aggression, as measured by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, for both men and women, and to reports of physical fights within the family, for women only. PA was significantly related to higher aggression but not higher hostility. Lower support by fathers, but not by mothers, was significantly related to higher hostility. However, lower support of daughters by mothers was significantly related to increased physical fights in the family. Results indicate that less severe abusive behaviors, especially EA, may have detrimental outcomes of hostility and aggression and that supportive behaviors by both mothers and fathers may be important factors in the outcome.     

Children's Trust in Previously Inaccurate Informants Who Were Well or Poorly Informed: When Past Errors Can Be Excused

Past research demonstrates that children learn from a previously accurate speaker rather than from a previously inaccurate one. This study shows that children do not necessarily treat a previously inaccurate speaker as unreliable. Rather, they appropriately excuse past inaccuracy arising from the speaker's limited information access. Children ( N = 67) aged 3, 4, and 5 years aimed to identify a hidden toy in collaboration with a puppet as informant. When the puppet had previously been inaccurate despite having full information, children tended to ignore what they were told and guess for themselves: They treated the puppet as unreliable in the longer term. However, children more frequently believed a currently well-informed puppet whose past inaccuracies arose legitimately from inadequate information access.     

哥德巴赫猜想题解

找出了以往各方法不能证明哥德Gg(Goldbach)猜想原题的原因,发现了现有数论基本理论不完善之处,分析了素数、奇素数、奇数之间的特殊关系。采用一个能证明哥德巴赫猜想原题的新方法,推导出“猜想”解的方程,给出方程曲线,得到下面结果：1．哥德巴赫猜想是正确的,在给定的初始条件X≥6时解的组数大于1;2．猜想是一个多解的数学题,偶数越大“两个奇数之和”的组数越多。     

Can ubuntu provide a model for citizenship education in African democracies?

Some proponents of Africanism argue that African traditional education and the principles of ubuntu should provide the framework for citizenship education. While conceding that understandable concerns lie behind defences of ubuntu as underpinning African democracy, we argue that the Africanist perspective faces various problems and makes substantial errors: political, moral, epistemic and educational. While democracy and democratic citizenship necessarily involve sensitivity to local context, their fundamental principles and tenets are universal. Failure to acknowledge this comes at a substantial price. Taking as its initial focus an analysis and critical evaluation of Malegapuru William Makgoba's critique of liberal democracy, the paper questions the purported uniqueness of ubuntu and its value and efficiency as a practical guide to action and policy, as well as its capacity to indicate how conflict between its associate principles and values might be resolved, insofar as these principles and values are indeed morally worthy.