我国优秀游泳运动员肩、膝关节损伤的调查研究

对1999年全国游泳冠军赛和锦标赛的18个代表队120名优秀运动员的肩、膝关节损伤进行了调查研究。结果显示，我国优秀游泳运动员肩、膝关节损伤占运动损伤的61.5%，且多为训练年限6～9年的健将级以上的运动员；患急性肩关节损伤多是主项为自由泳、蝶泳或仰泳的运动员；患急性膝关节损伤则以主项为蛙泳的运动员较为常见。针对我国秀游泳运动员肩、膝关节损伤的原因，提出预防和治疗肩、膝关节损伤的建议。     

试论游泳运动员肩关节损伤

游泳运动员肩关节损伤是游泳训练中最常见的一种损伤 ,是游泳运动员的天敌 ,对游泳运动训练和比赛造成很大威胁。我们时常发现有些很有发展前途的优秀游泳运动员 ,由于肩关节损伤而导致不能按计划要求进行训练 ,妨碍运动成绩的提高 ,甚至缩短运动寿命。因此 ,为了搞好医务监督 ,掌握运动员肩关节损伤的规律 ,探索与研究其发病原因和症状 ,以及有效的防治方法 ,对预防和减少肩关节损伤的发病率 ,提高训练水平有着重要意义。一、损伤症状与治疗游泳运动员肩部肌肉劳损初期 ,肩部的感觉与平时不同 ,即肌肉的酸痛比平时厉害 ,继续训练后 ,肩部的…     

竞技游泳运动员运动性伤病情况调查分析

采用问卷调查法对浙沪两省市194名游泳运动员进行运动性伤病调查,主要从运动性伤病的类型、部位、性质方面对比分析不同竞技水平游泳运动员的伤病表型特征。结果显示：优秀运动员运动性损伤较常见,多以慢性劳损为主,损伤部位依次为肩关节、腰背部和膝关节;一般运动员常发生急性损伤,损伤部位依次为膝关节、肩关节和腰背部。两组运动员鼻炎和中耳炎均常见。因此,依据运动性伤病的可能原因与机制,需要制定有针对性的预防措施,以减少运动性伤病的发生。     

游泳运动员肩关节损伤的康复及预防

游泳是主要通过上肢运动作为推动力的一种运动。如蝶泳、仰泳、自由泳主要是通过上肢的划水向前游动的。因此,肩关节的损伤成为大部分游泳运动员常见的伤病。损伤对游泳运动训练和比赛造成很大威胁。我国优秀游泳运动员肩关节损伤有的认为高达47．7％,有的认为高达66％,且多为训练年限在6-9年的健将级以上运动员。因此,搞好医务监督,掌握游泳运动员肩关节损伤的规律,探索与究其发病原因和症状以及有效防治方法很有必要,可以使教练员、运动员改进训练方法,预防和减少肩关节损伤,提高训练水平,创造出更好的成绩。     

优秀射箭运动员的功能性动作筛查结果分析

目的通过对山西省优秀射箭运动员的功能性动作筛查(FMS),揭示优秀射箭运动员的功能性动作特点,为射箭运动员损伤的预防和成绩的提高提供数据和理论支持。方法在2019年中华人民共和国第二届青年运动会前对正处于集训期的16名山西省射箭队运动员进行功能性动作筛查。结果 1)山西省射箭队运动员的FMS测试平均分为16.44分,最高分为21分,最低分仅为13分;2)肩关节灵活性测试得分最高,主动直腿上抬和旋转稳定性测试得分最低,有11人出现了左、右不对称情况;3)不同运动等级的射箭运动员中,跨栏步测试结果有显著性差异;不同性别和训练年限的优秀射箭运动员之间的FMS测试结果均无显著性差异。结论优秀射箭运动员的肩关节灵活性、躯干核心区和肩胛部的稳定性水平较高,髋关节的灵活性、腘绳肌和比目鱼肌的柔韧性较差,身体两侧的肌肉力量有差异,且两侧髋关节的稳定性不对称。     

如何提高水球青少年运动员的游泳速度

通过广东青年队的测试和数据分析,找出广东水球青少年运动员的游泳测验成绩与游泳等级标准的差距,提出如何提高水球青少年运动员的游泳速度、提出训练理念、提出训练手段与方法。     

优秀短跑、自行车、游泳运动员膝关节拮抗肌群工作特征

为了探讨运动员膝关节拮抗肌群在不同实验速度下的工作特点,通过CYBEX600等速测试系统,对辽宁省优秀短跑、自行车、游泳运动员25人(男14人、女11人)进行了等速相心膝关节肌力测试,经过统计对比分析结果如下:(1)膝关节屈伸肌相对峰力矩随着收缩速度的增加呈下降趋势,而且伸肌下降的幅度大于屈肌。(2)短跑运动员屈膝肌的相对力量较强,而自行车运动员有很强的伸膝力量。(3)膝关节肌肉达到预定速度所需的时间随着速度加快而加快,其中短跑自行车运动员蹬伸速度大于游泳运动员。(4)自行车运动员腿部的单位体重屈伸力量大于短跑游泳运动员,尤其在快速情况下,其差值高达82%。     

我国10—13岁优秀游泳运动员智力与个性特征的研究

本研究运用《儿童智力团体量表》和《儿童个性问卷》对我国10—13岁优秀游泳运动员共90名进行了测试。结果表明,我国10—13岁优秀游泳运动员智力水平较高,在男女性别上无显著性差异。智力水平与运动成绩相关检验存在显著性意义.所建立的选材模型,具有显著性的判别效果.     

游泳

G86L 014.53 20016214我国优秀游泳运动员肩、膝关节损伤的调查研究=Studyon shoulder and knee joints injuries of our eliteswimmers[刊,中,A]/刘明辉,雷芗生,黄力生,原家玮//中国体育科技.-2001.-37(4).-34-36表5参11(TY)竞技游泳//优秀运动员//损伤//肩关节//膝关节//原因//预防     

对我国优秀女子蛙泳运动员100m各阶段时间的分析

通过对我国优秀女子蛙泳运动员比赛时的测试,将测取的各段时间与100m成绩进行相关数处理和聚类处理。了解我国女子蛙泳运动员100m比赛中各阶段的情况,以及与世界级游泳运动员在机能能力方面存在的差异。     

膝关节损伤对排球运动员急停纵跳的影响

目的:对辽宁省排球队女运动员下肢急停纵跳落地时的力矩和最大关节角度进行研究,以期对有膝关节损伤的排球运动员进行科学训练提供参考。方法:以14名辽宁省排球队女运动员为研究对象,将运动员分为两组,其中无伤组8人,损伤组6人,采用三维测力平台和红外光电运动捕捉系统,记录受试者在完成急停纵跳动作落地时的髋关节、膝关节、踝关节的力矩以及最大关节角度数据。结果:在急停纵跳落地时,损伤膝关节的旋转、收展力矩大于无伤组,屈伸力矩小于无伤组,损伤组的髋关节的屈伸、收展、旋转力矩均大于无伤组;损伤组的踝关节旋转力矩小于无伤组,收展力矩和屈伸力矩大于无伤组。损伤组的踝关节在屈伸、收展和旋转时的最大关节角度大于无伤组;损伤组的膝关节在屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,旋转时小于无伤组;损伤的髋关节屈伸和收展时的最大关节角度大于无伤组,髋关节旋转时的最大关节角度左侧小于无伤组,右侧大于无伤组。结论:膝关节损伤的运动员完成急停纵跳动作落地时,通过代偿性改变增大髋关节力矩、增加膝关节旋转和收展力矩,增大踝关节收展和屈伸力矩,增加膝关节和髋关节在屈伸和收展时活动角度,增加膝关节屈伸和收展时活动角度来完成动作。     

Dynamics of the support leg in soccer instep kicking

Abstract

We aimed to illustrate support leg dynamics during instep kicking to evaluate the role of the support leg action in performance. Twelve male soccer players performed maximal instep kicks. Their motions and ground reaction forces were recorded by a motion capture system and a force platform. Moments and angular velocities of the support leg and pelvis were computed using inverse dynamics. In most joints of the support leg, the moments were not associated with or counteracting the joint motions except for the knee joint. It can be interpreted that the initial knee flexion motion counteracting the extension joint moment has a role to attenuate the shock of landing and the following knee extension motion associated with the extension joint moment indirectly contributes to accelerate the swing of kicking leg. Also, appreciable horizontal rotation of the pelvis coincided with increase of the interaction moment due to the hip joint reaction force on the support leg side. It can be assumed that the interaction moment was the main factor causing the pelvis counter-clockwise rotation within the horizontal plane from the overhead view that precedes a proximal-to-distal sequence of segmental action of the swing leg.     

Relationship between three-dimensional kinematics of knee and trunk motion during shuttle run cutting

Female athletes are considered to exhibit knee and trunk motion that is characteristic of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo motion of the trunk and knee during a cutting manoeuvre and determine the relationship between them. All participants (10 male and 10 female college athletes) performed a shuttle run cutting task with the left limb. Trunk inclination (forward and lateral) and knee joint angles (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external tibial rotation) were calculated. Differences between the sexes and associations between knee motion and trunk inclination were examined. An increase in trunk forward inclination was strongly correlated with an increase in knee flexion angle and moderately correlated with a decrease in the excursion of internal tibial rotation. An increase in right trunk lateral inclination was moderately correlated with an increase in excursion of internal tibial rotation. The results also showed differences between the sexes in trunk forward inclination, lateral inclination, and knee flexion angle, but no such differences in knee abduction or internal tibial rotation. Trunk inclination is related to knee flexion and excursion of internal tibial rotation. Female athletes demonstrate a low trunk forward inclination and knee flexion angle, a posture that resembles that of ACL injury.     

Relationship between three-dimensional kinematics of knee and trunk motion during shuttle run cutting

Abstract

Female athletes are considered to exhibit knee and trunk motion that is characteristic of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The aim of this study was to examine the in vivo motion of the trunk and knee during a cutting manoeuvre and determine the relationship between them. All participants (10 male and 10 female college athletes) performed a shuttle run cutting task with the left limb. Trunk inclination (forward and lateral) and knee joint angles (flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external tibial rotation) were calculated. Differences between the sexes and associations between knee motion and trunk inclination were examined. An increase in trunk forward inclination was strongly correlated with an increase in knee flexion angle and moderately correlated with a decrease in the excursion of internal tibial rotation. An increase in right trunk lateral inclination was moderately correlated with an increase in excursion of internal tibial rotation. The results also showed differences between the sexes in trunk forward inclination, lateral inclination, and knee flexion angle, but no such differences in knee abduction or internal tibial rotation. Trunk inclination is related to knee flexion and excursion of internal tibial rotation. Female athletes demonstrate a low trunk forward inclination and knee flexion angle, a posture that resembles that of ACL injury.     

Isokinetic knee extension and vertical jumping: are they related?

The aim of this study was to examine joint power generation during a concentric knee extension isokinetic test and a squat vertical jump. The isokinetic test joint power was calculated using four different methods. Five participants performed concentric knee extensions at 0.52, 1.57, 3.14 and 5.23 rad x s(-1) on a Lido isokinetic dynamometer. The squat vertical jump was performed on a Kistler force plate. Kinematic data from both tests were collected and analysed using an ELITE optoelectronic system. An inverse dynamics model was applied to measure knee joint moment in the vertical jump. Knee angular position data from the kinematic analysis in the isokinetic test were used to derive the actual knee angular velocity and acceleration, which, in turn, was used to correct the dynamometer moment for inertial effects. Power was measured as the product of angular velocity and moment at the knee joint in both tests. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between mean (+/- s) peak knee joint power in the two tests (squat vertical jump: 2255 +/- 434 W; isokinetic knee extension: 771 +/- 81 W). Correlation analysis revealed that there is no relationship between the peak knee joint power during the vertical jump and the slow velocity isokinetic tests. Higher isokinetic velocity tests show better relationships with the vertical jump but only if the correct method for joint power calculation is used in the isokinetic test. These findings suggest that there are important differences in muscle activation and knee joint power development that must be taken into consideration when isokinetic tests are used to predict jumping performance.     

Association between knee-to-hip flexion ratio during single-leg vertical landings,and strength and range of motion in professional soccer players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to test the correlation between knee-to-hip flexion ratio during a single leg landing task and hip and knee strength, and ankle range of motion. Twenty-four male participants from a professional soccer team performed a continuous single leg jump-landing test during 10s, while lower limb kinematics data were collected using a motion analysis system. After biomechanical testing, maximal isometric hip (abduction, extension, external rotation), knee extension and flexion strength were measured. Maximum ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was assessed statically using the weight bearing lunge test. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the associations between the predictor variables (knee and hip strength, and ankle ROM) and the main outcome measure (knee-to-hip flexion ratio). Correlation between knee-to-hip flexion ratio and hip abductors strength was significant (r = ?0.47; p = 0.019). No other significant correlations were observed among the variables (p > 0.05). These results demonstrated that a lower hip abductors strength in male soccer players was correlated with a high knee-to-hip flexion ratio during landing from a single leg jump, potentially increasing knee overload by decreasing energy absorption at the hip. The results provide a novel proposal for the functioning of hip muscles to control knee overload.     

Isokinetic knee extension and vertical jumping: Are they related?

The aim of this study was to examine joint power generation during a concentric knee extension isokinetic test and a squat vertical jump. The isokinetic test joint power was calculated using four different methods. Five participants performed concentric knee extensions at 0.52, 1.57, 3.14 and 5.23 rad?·?s^?1 on a Lido isokinetic dynamometer. The squat vertical jump was performed on a Kistler force plate. Kinematic data from both tests were collected and analysed using an ELITE optoelectronic system. An inverse dynamics model was applied to measure knee joint moment in the vertical jump. Knee angular position data from the kinematic analysis in the isokinetic test were used to derive the actual knee angular velocity and acceleration, which, in turn, was used to correct the dynamometer moment for inertial effects. Power was measured as the product of angular velocity and moment at the knee joint in both tests. Significant differences (P <?0.05) were found between mean (?± s) peak knee joint power in the two tests (squat vertical jump: 2255?±?434W; isokinetic knee extension: 771?±?81W). Correlation analysis revealed that there is no relationship between the peak knee joint power during the vertical jump and the slow velocity isokinetic tests. Higher isokinetic velocity tests show better relationships with the vertical jump but only if the correct method for joint power calculation is used in the isokinetic test. These findings suggest that there are important differences in muscle activation and knee joint power development that must be taken into consideration when isokinetic tests are used to predict jumping performance.     

Kinetic analysis of the lower limbs in baseball tee batting

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of the ground reaction forces on the rotation of the body as a whole and on the joint torques of the lower limbs associated with trunk and pelvic rotation in baseball tee batting. A total of 22 male collegiate baseball players participated in this study. Three-dimensional coordinate data were acquired by a motion capture system (250 Hz), and ground reaction forces of both legs were measured with three force platforms (1,000 Hz). Kinetic data were used to calculate the moment about the vertical axis through the body’s centre of mass resulting from ground reaction forces, as well as to calculate the torque and mechanical work in the lower limb joints. The lateral/medial ground reaction force generated by both legs resulted in the large whole body moment about its vertical axis. The joint torques of flexion/extension of both hips, adduction of the stride hip and extension of the stride knee produced significantly larger mechanical work than did the other joint torques. To obtain high bat-head speed, the batter should push both legs in the lateral/medial direction by utilising both hips and stride knee torques so as to increase the whole body rotation.     

Contributions of joint rotations to racquet speed in the tennis serve

The purpose of this study was to measure the contributions of the motions of body segments and joints to racquet head speed during the tennis serve. Nine experienced male players were studied using three-dimensional film analysis. Upper arm twist orientations were calculated with two alternative methods using joint centres and skin-attached markers. The results showed that skin-attached markers could not be used to calculate accurate upper arm twist orientations due to skin movement, and that the use of joint centres produced errors of more than 20 degrees in the upper arm twist orientation when the computed elbow flexion/extension angle exceeded 135 degrees in the final 0.03 s before impact. When there were large errors in the upper arm twist orientation, it was impossible to obtain accurate data for shoulder or elbow joint rotations about any axis. Considering only the contributors that could be measured within our standards of acceptable error, the approximate sequential order of main contributors to racquet speed between maximum knee flexion and impact was: shoulder external rotation, wrist extension, twist rotation of the lower trunk, twist rotation of the upper trunk relative to the lower trunk, shoulder abduction, elbow extension, ulnar deviation rotation, a second twist rotation of the upper trunk relative to the lower trunk, and wrist flexion. The elbow extension and wrist flexion contributions were especially large. Forearm pronation made a brief negative contribution. Computed contributions of shoulder internal rotation, elbow extension and forearm pronation within the final 0.03 s before impact were questionable due to the large degree of elbow extension. Near impact, the combined contribution of shoulder flexion/extension and abduction/adduction rotations to racquet speed was negligible.     

Tennis forehand kinematics change as post-impact ball speed is altered

Peak joint angles and joint angular velocities were evaluated for varying speed forehands in an attempt to better understand what kinematic variables are most closely related to increases in post-impact ball velocity above 50% of maximal effort. High-speed video was used to measure three-dimensional motion for 12 highly skilled tennis players who performed forehands at three different post-impact ball speeds: fast (42.7 +/- 3.8 m/s), medium (32.1 +/- 2.9 m/s), and slow (21.4 +/- 2.0 m/s). Several dominant-side peak joint angles (prior to ball impact) increased as post-impact ball speed increased from slow to fast: wrist extension (16%), trunk rotation (28%), hip flexion (38%), knee flexion (27%), and dorsiflexion (5%). Between the aforementioned peak joint angles and ball impact, dominant-side peak angular velocities increased as ball speed increased from slow to fast: peak wrist flexion (118%), elbow flexion (176%), trunk rotation (99%), hip extension (143%), knee extension (56%), and plantarflexion (87%). Most kinematic variables changed as forehand ball speed changed; however, some variables changed more than others, indicating that range of motion and angular velocity for some joints may be more closely related to post-impact ball speed than for other joints.