新世纪以来我国基础教育课程改革的十年回顾与反思

新世纪以来我国的基础教育课程改革在课程目标、课程结构、课程内容、课程实施与课程评价等方面都发生了显著的变化,取得了巨大的成就,同时也在课程改革的理论基础、教师教育、教学评价、课程改革进程中的城乡差异、政策和经费保障等方面存在一些问题。推进我国基础教育课程改革持续健康稳定地发展,需要提高课程研究人员的素质,加强课程理论建设,逐步建立完善的课程改革运行机制,重视和发挥教师的作用,改革考试评估制度,关注课程改革中出现的不平衡。     

美国通识教育改革的理念与行动——以伊利诺伊州立大学生物课改革为例

提高大学通识课的质量关乎整个高等教育的质量。本文以美国伊利诺伊州立大学生物学通识课改革为个案,分析美国通识教育的理念是如何见诸于课程目标定位、课程内容的整合以及教学方式与手段的更新,以期对我国高校教学改革有所启示。     

美国PADI：学生科学探究能力评价模式初探

科学探究是当代理科课程中的核心议题,如何评价学生的科学探究能力是理科课程改革的新挑战。美国PADI计划为评价科学探究提供了以证据为中心的概念框架,从要评价的科学探究的标准、探究任务的特征到评价论据等多方面对设计模式的结构进行了说明,并且具有良好的操作性,同时也为评价理科课程的其他内容提供了新的思路与方法。     

新课程改革背景下小学科学实验教学的策略研究

科学是新课程改革背景下小学阶段必不可少的课程,实验是小学科学课堂教学的关键性构成部分,提高科学课程实验教学效率至关重要.因此,本文在实践的基础上提出了一些可行的策略,站在新课程改革的视角,优化小学科学课程实验教学各个环节,构建高效的科学实验课堂,促使各层次学生在科学实验操作过程中轻松掌握科学理论知识,同时锻炼其科学思维...     

从高考试卷看中学数学教学

2003年高考理科数学有偏难的一面，但也反映了课改的新理念及发展方向，暴露出中学数学教学中存在的一些问题，为中学数学教学提供了重要参考。因此必须更新教学观念，探求中学数学教学的新思路。     

美国理科课程中个人和社会发展目标演变研究

当代理科课程正处于改革的关键时期，其目标的定位成为课程改革的首要任务，从历史的角度探寻个人和社会发展目标已经成为当代美国理科课程的重要课题。     

Being professional: accountability and authority in teachers’ responses to science curriculum reform

The science curriculum is a focus of repeated reform in many countries. However, the enactment of such reforms within schools rarely reflects the intended outcomes of curriculum designers. This review considers what we know about the experiences and reflections of teachers in the enactment of externally driven school science curriculum reform. ‘Externally driven’ signals a focus on studies of teachers who did not make a proactive choice to adopt a particular curriculum reform initiative. This is a very common experience for teachers in many school systems, and one likely to highlight issues of professionalism and authority that are central to the work of teachers. The review analyses 34 relevant studies. These include studies of teachers’ experiences of national curriculum reform, and also studies focusing on more regional or local curriculum reform activities. The studies examine individual teachers’ beliefs, practices and reflections associated with curriculum reform, the response of teacher communities to reform (e.g. within school departments), and teachers’ (and other stakeholders’) experiences across school systems. A wide range of factors influencing teachers’ responses are identified. These are characterised in terms of personal, internal and external contexts of teachers’ work. The review also highlights issues of authority, professionalism and the process of meaning-making in response to external curriculum reform. The discussion section identifies important areas for future research and gives recommendations for the design of curriculum policies that recognise and support the professionalism of science teachers.     

Core competences and scientific literacy: the recent reform of the school science curriculum in China

ABSTRACT

China initiated a new round of science curriculum reform in 2017. Using the tripartite curriculum framework (including policy, programmatic, and classroom curriculum), we introduce and analyse China’s policy curriculum and programmatic curriculum for science in primary school and senior high school, and describe the potential problems hindering the translation of these curricula into the classroom curriculum. We first identify the multiple aims of different stakeholders in science education, some of which influence the science policy curriculum. Then, we present the major changes in how the programmatic curriculum meets the policy curriculum. However, due to extracurricular factors, the current science curriculum reform may not unfold as expected. We end with a discussion of the three major characteristics of the revision process of science curriculum standards in China, some of which might inform the global community of science education.     

Internships as Commencement: Mathematics and Science Research Experiences as Catalysts for Preservice Teacher Professional Development

Among the initiatives of the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation (MCTP) is a summer research internship program that places preservice middle grades teachers in extended collaboration with professional mathematicians, scientists, and educators engaged in research and curriculum development activities. We describe the MCTP internship program including the rationale for and structural features of the program. We also highlight the effects of the internship experience on preservice teachers' conceptions of and beliefs about the nature and processes of mathematics and science, and the teaching of mathematics and science. Our findings suggest that the internship experience is a fundamentally significant life experience for preservice teachers. Furthermore, internships have the potential for realizing reform in mathematics and science education; that is, preservice teachers who have participated in MCTP internships intend to bring a holistic, conceptually oriented view of mathematics and science to their classrooms. The paper concludes with a summary of ongoing programmatic and logistical challenges of the MCTP internship program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multiple Aims in the Development of a Major Reform of the National Curriculum for Science in England

In the context of a major reform of the school science curriculum for 14–16‐year‐olds in England, we examine the aims ascribed to the reform, the stakeholders involved, and the roles of differing values and authority in its development. This reform includes an emphasis on socioscientific issues and the nature of science; curriculum trends of international relevance. Our analysis identifies largely ‘instrumental’ aims, with little emphasis on ‘intrinsic’ aims and associated values. We identify five broad categories of stakeholders focusing on different aims with, for example, a social, individual, political, or economic emphasis. We suggest that curriculum development projects reflecting largely social and individual aims were appropriated by other stakeholders to serve political and economic aims. We argue that a curriculum reform body representing all stakeholder interests is needed to ensure that multiple aims are considered throughout the curriculum reform process. Within such a body, the differentiated character of the science teaching community would need to be represented.     

人与自然和谐发展观视野下科学课程的审视

人与自然的和谐发展是科学发展观的重要体现之一。讨论人与自然关系演变与教育的进展,提出在人与自然和谐发展观下,科学课程的改革是一种必然。通过对新课程科学学习领域内各科目目标和内容的分析,得出人与自然和谐发展是课程改革后的一种新的课程理念。倡导在科学课程的教学中要正确理解科学的价值,通过生命化教学激发情感,多种活动体验人与自然的关系。结合生活实际养成绿色生活方式,形成人与自然和谐的发展现。     

新基础教育课程改革的系统辨正与观点重申

历时十年的新世纪基础教育课程改革目前争论依然,综观本次课程改革,其基本理念表现为时代定位上的后现代色彩、空间定位上的西方中心印痕、价值取向上的泛人本化倾向。笔者认为,我国课程改革在基本理念上,应坚守现代而非后现代的时代定位,稳操自我本位而非他者中心的空间定位,把握基于社会本位之上的人本化价值取向定位;在主要举措上,课程结构应赋予学科授受以应有地位,课程实施应赋予教师以合理权威与主导作用,课程评价应赋予考试以相当功用,课程管理应采取基于集权之下的有限渐进分权;在实施推广上,则应正视问题、不断调适,充分衡估社会公众的流言蜚语,强化教师观念的更新及培训的针对性与实效性,确保经费投入足额到位、配套措施相辅相成、政策执行一以贯之。     

School Teachers’ Experiences of Science Curriculum Reform

We examine teachers’ experiences of a major reform of the school science curriculum for 14–16-year olds in England. This statutory reform enhances the range of available science courses and emphasises the teaching of socio-scientific issues and the nature of science, alongside the teaching of canonical science knowledge. This paper examines teachers’ experiences of the reform and the factors that condition these experiences. A designed sample of 22 teachers discussed their experiences of the reform within a semi-structured interview. Our analysis considers how the external and internal structures within which teachers work interact with the personal characteristics of teachers to condition their experiences of the curriculum reform. In many cases, personal/internal/external contexts of teachers’ work align, resulting in an overall working context that is supportive of teacher change. However, in other cases, tensions within these contexts result in barriers to change. We also explore cases in which external curriculum reform has stimulated the development of new contexts for teachers’ work. We argue that curriculum reformers need to recognise the inevitability of multiple teaching goals within a highly differentiated department and school workplace. We also show how experiences of curriculum reform can extend beyond the learning of new knowledge and associated pedagogies to involve challenges to teachers’ professional identities. We argue for the extended use of teacher role models within local communities of practice to support such ‘identity work’.     

The science-technology-society movement in science education: A critique of the reform process

Changes in society and in science and technology have forced a rethinking of what is “basic” in science education. A perceived disjuncture between school science and the realities of a scientifically and technologically oriented society has resulted in proposals for new directions in science teaching. It appears that science education is about to undergo another paradigm shift. One particularly visible movement, the “Science-Technology-Society” (STS) movement, exemplifies how such directional shifts tend to occur within the field of science education. This article critically examines the program and professional development process that has characterized past and current science curriculum reform effort in an attempt to illustrate fundamental educational reform problems. The need for new directions in science education is uncontested here. The issue is the problematic nature of the reform process itself. The article contends that new methods of reform must be researched— methods that directly involve practitioners in critical reflection, participatory research, and science curriculum development.     

Establishing an epistemological base for science teaching in the light of contemporary notions of the nature of science and of how children learn science

The quality of science education is a pervasive concern in educational improvement efforts. This article examines two aspects of science education that have been identified as being of concern: Is the material presented in science classrooms representative of science “as it really is” and, secondly, what is the bearing of notions of “children's science” on curriculum reform? A review of the literature in both areas shows that educational theory has, so far, had little effect on classroom practice. An attempt is made to synthesize contemporary views on the tentative nature of science with a generative model of learning in science in order to establish a common epistemological base which could be used as a template for curriculum reform efforts.     

我们需要怎样的课程改革——兼评《“新课程理念”“概念重建运动”与学习凯洛夫教育学》

新课程改革以来的学术之争以"钟王之争"为代表,钟王的学术之争经历了关于知识观、课程改革方向和课程理论基础的三次交锋,究竟应该如何看待新课程改革理念和凯洛夫教育学思想?通过对两者的境遇、实践品格、理论品格和意义的分析,我们认为我国的课程改革需要建立自身的课程理论,应立足本国的社会现实,发挥课程共同体的效力。     

英格兰KS4学段科学课程改革及其启示

2006年9月,KS4学段的科学课程新方案开始在英格兰正式实施.与以往相比,新课程减少了要求所有学生共同必修的核心内容,增加了用于评价新课程学习的资格证书种类,从而为学生创造了更大的选择空间,提供了更多的自我实现机会.本文分析英格兰这次科学课程改革的背景及特点,阐释这次科学课程改革对我国新课程改革的有益启示.     

略论课程改革的趋势

20世纪50年代以来,随着科学技术的迅速发展,世界各国非常重视教育改革,其中课程改革倍受人们关注。尽管各国社会文化背景不同,经济增长速度不同,课程改革的出发点也不同,改革措施各具特点,但又有其共同特点与趋势。这些特点为：课程的现代化、课程的综合化、课程的统一性和多样性。     

Engaging Students in Science Courses: Lessons of Change from the Arctic

Where you live should have something to do with what you teach. In the Arctic, the idea of place-based education – teaching and sharing knowledge that is needed to live well – is central to the UARCTIC consortium and the 4^th International Polar Year educational reform effort. A place-based issue oriented context can engage students in chemistry concepts when it intersects with their experience and lives. This article examines the rationale and means of integrating local concerns such as world view, culture, traditional knowledge, and policy into both general and specialized chemistry courses. More broadly, capacious placebased issues should be widely adapted by all curriculum reform efforts to demonstrate the connectivity between science and societal understanding of technological options. A case in point is the inclusion of indigenous perspectives in a non-majors general chemistry course when the concepts of scientific method, ice and water resources, genetic engineering, and so forth are discussed. In a specialized course on radioactivity in the north, topics connected nuclear chemistry and radioactivity to people and energy. The local landscape should be central to science courses and involve issues relevant to stewardship, a component of the indigenous world view. The historical issues can be connected to current nuclear energy and uranium mining as they relate to the risks and benefits for the local community. This article will make the case that curriculum reform that focuses on real-world topics will not only engage students so that they perform well in class but also spark their interest so that they continue learning after the course is over.     

论科学课程教师专业素养:挑战与发展

师资问题能否解决好关系到课程改革的成败。当前,初中《科学》课程已经在全国各试验区开设,但随着课程改革的进行,师资问题尤其是教师的专业素养已经成为制约科学课程改革的瓶颈性因素。先进的教育理念和课程观念、融合的知识结构、不断发展的教学技能和教学研究能力等是构成科学课程教师专业素养的重要内容。提高科学课程教师专业素养是一项复杂、长期、艰巨的系统工程,需要从教师自身和外部环境两方面着手。