Not just racial quotas: affirmative action in Brazilian higher education 10 years later

This paper examines how affirmative action in Brazilian public universities has evolved from the start of the new millennium up to recent years. After an overview of the existing policies in public universities, we explain these patterns based on an analysis of the processes internal and external to the universities. Although these policies were initially thought of as racial quotas, class-based criteria have predominated, while the racial criteria became relatively circumscribed. Within the institutions, affirmative action brought new concerns about how to support and retain low-income students, as well as a discussion about racism, although the latter remains controversial.     

从补救到多元:美国高等教育促进入学机会平等的理念变迁

以民权运动酝酿阶段为起始,美国开始实施积极差别待遇录取政策,以促进高等教育入学机会平等。纵观长达半个世纪的发展历程,该政策理念呈现出从补救性到多元化的逻辑变迁,即从补救历史歧视造成的影响到促成学生群体的多元化。这种变迁是高等教育与司法审查博弈的结果,其价值在于:体现了高等教育治理公共政策范式转型,为追求教育机会实质平等提供新的路径,利于培养民主的公共文化并促进社会融合。     

美国肯定性行动计划与少数民族高等教育的发展

自20世纪60年代中期以来，肯定性行动计划通过特别招生计划、财政资助、补习教育、少数民族研究课程等措施，有力地促进了美国少数民族高等教育的发展。但近年来，肯定性行动计划在美国引发了激烈的争论，一些州甚至取消了肯定性行动计划，这很可能导致美国少数民族高等教育的严重倒退。     

From Vocational to Higher Education: An International Perspective

This paper explores the value of explaining contextual admissions policy directives through the conceptual lenses of meritocracy and social reproduction. It is suggested that examining these concepts can assist in highlighting some of the ideological and practical complexities associated with contextual admissions whilst providing opportunities to engage with wider debates concerning affirmative action in higher education policy.     

美国高等教育的经典案例分析

判例是美国高等教育法的基本内容，是美国高等教育发展的路标。从确立私立地位的达特茅斯学院案，到维护“平权措施”的“贝克案”，经典判例对整个高等教育的发展无不影响深远。判例研究是美国高等教育法的基本研究内容，对我国的高等教育法制化建设具有借鉴意义。     

“肯定多样性”——美国族群政治与民族高等教育的新发展

“肯定多样性”是“肯定性行动”与“多元文化主义”相结合的产物,是美国族群政治与民族高等教育发展的第三阶段.它既是美国少数族群与主体族群之间政治和法律博弈的结果,也有着深刻的文化、教育和经济意蕴.其核心观点是:多样性不是问题,而是资源.这对于我们理解和处理民族及其文化多样性问题、发展民族教育都具有一定的启示意义.对于内地高等教育民族班(校)教育而言,我们应努力促进各民族大学生在教室内外的正式与非正式互动和交流.     

"肯定性行动计划"政策:利益分析的视角

“肯定性行动计划（affirmative action）”是美国民权运动、反战运动等社会政治运动的产物,在美国高等教育发展史上具有里程碑的意义。“肯定性行动计划”的实施,扩大了少数民族的高等教育机会,推动了少数民族高等教育的发展,开启了少数民族高等教育援助政策的先河。该政策在促进政治稳定、经济繁荣、社会和谐等方面发挥了巨大作用。新的时代背景下,随着政策环境的变化,以及政策对不同利益群体的影响,“肯定性行动计划”在实践中面临重重阻力,步履维艰,美国少数民族高等教育的前景不容乐观。     

Affirmative Action for Gender Justice in South African and Kenyan Education Systems

Abstract

Since women struggled to access higher education during the colonial era, tackling gender imbalances post-independence became a major focus for Kenya and South Africa. The aim of this article is to demonstrate that affirmative action has not guaranteed gender equity in South African and Kenyan higher education systems. the author argues that, although higher education is generally available to all in both countries, women still struggle with access and “success”. This is besides the existence of post-independence higher education policies and parallel gender frameworks meant to bolster women’s access. The article uses a critical and thematic exploration of secondary literature, theory and data. The article contends that the unresolved gap between policies and the reality of the lived experiences of women exacerbates inequalities. It is suggested that both countries refocus and recalibrate existing policies and remedial action measures in order to ensure that academically deserving women are able to access and participate meaningfully in higher education.     

肯定性行动与少数民族优惠政策:中美高等教育领域基于族群的倾向性政策比较

作为世界上重要的多族群国家,中美两国在高等教育领域都推行基于族群的倾向性政策。本文对中美两国倾向性政策的实施背景、实施状况、问题及争论进行了比较分析,并就如何借鉴美国的经验,以完善中国高等教育领域少数民族优惠政策提出了对策。     

论高等教育的社会导向与学术导向

高等教育的社会导向,以社会为本,注重满足社会现实需要;高等教育的学术导向,以学术为本,注重人类精神理性的满足。高等教育主要受外在动力和内在驱力影响,使得社会导向和学术导向常常此消彼长。高等教育社会导向的哲学基础是政治论,高等教育学术导向的哲学基础是认识论。高等教育的社会导向与学术导向的关系是相辅相成的,两者必须携手并进。     

Indigenous higher education in Mexico and Brazil: between redistribution and recognition

Abstract

Indigenous groups in Latin America face a double exclusion from higher education, with low levels of access to institutions and little acknowledgement of their distinctive cultural and epistemological traditions within the curriculum. This article assesses current policies in Mexico and Brazil towards indigenous populations in higher education, considering the various responses to the challenge, including affirmative action programmes in mainstream universities, intercultural courses and autonomous institutions. These policies and initiatives are analysed using the theoretical frames of redistribution and recognition, focusing on demands for formal equality and material wellbeing on the one hand, and a distinctive cultural and educational space on the other. While state-sponsored policies focus primarily on the redistributive element, initiatives based on recognition come largely from autonomous organisations, raising a series of dilemmas and tensions around educational justice for indigenous populations in the region.     

Social inequalities in access to higher education in Croatia: five decades of resilient findings

This article provides a panoramic view of research findings on social inequalities in access to higher education in Croatia since the 1960s, guided by the question of what has changed in the findings. Our review shows that there is stark continuity over the last five decades: students from better educated family backgrounds tend to be overrepresented in higher education; students from better educated and white-collar family backgrounds are more likely to enrol in academic as opposed to professional study courses; students at one Croatian university in particular stand out in terms of their more privileged social background; and medicine seems to be the prime academic field for observing social reproduction. We note that these persistent findings run parallel to a dramatically changing political, economic and social context in Croatia, including transformations in the 1990s resulting from social ownership of the means of production to widespread private ownership, as well as transformations from a one-party political system to the establishment of a multi-party political system. The article maps possible theoretical explanations for the resilience of social inequalities in access to higher education in the context of dynamic times. It also questions the role of educational policies in this process.     

The impact of Israel's class-based affirmative action policy on admission and academic outcomes

In the early to mid-2000s, four flagship Israeli selective universities introduced a voluntary need-blind and color-blind affirmative action policy for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. The program allowed departments to offer admission to academically borderline applicants who were above a certain threshold of disadvantage. We examine the effect of eligibility for affirmative action on admission and enrollment outcomes as well as on academic achievement using a regression discontinuity (RD) design. We show that students who were just barely eligible for this voluntary policy had a significantly higher probability of admission and enrollment, as compared to otherwise similar students. The affirmative action program also led to higher rates of admission to the most selective majors. Moreover, after enrollment, AA-eligible students are not falling behind academically, even at the most selective majors. Our results suggest the potential for a long-lasting impact of class-based preferences in admission on social and economic mobility.     

Rhythm and Blues,No Dancing Here

Affirmative action (AA) is one of the most suitable mechanisms to promote equity and social justice in education in India. This essay deals with the impact of the different conceptualizations of AA in terms of its vision and the historic approaches to social inequalities in India. Primarily focusing on the various perspectives of affirmative efforts in India, the essay also examines the theoretical perspectives in the light of empirical realities.     

Strategies to increase the representation ofwomen on the academic staff of the Faculty of Medicineat Monash University

This study used focus groups to develop strategies toincrease the representation of women in the seniorlevels of academia in the Medical Faculty at MonashUniversity. The aims of the study were to: raiseawareness of a wide group of Faculty members on issuesassociated with equal opportunity; achieve greaterinvolvement in implementation of equal opportunitystrategies; and to obtain a broad base of opinions andideas from which to develop strategies that wouldincrease the representation of women on the academicstaff of the Faculty. The focus group method of datagathering resulted in `faculty ownership' ofaffirmative action and an implementation plan that hashigh priority and incorporates a number of peoplecommitted to achieving the target outcomes.     

Implementing blended self-managed action learning for digital entrepreneurs in higher education

We report upon implementing blended self-managed action learning (SMAL) within graduate and postgraduate courses in digital entrepreneurship. In four out of five cases, we found that SMAL was highly motivating to our learners and integrated well with a blended and flexible approach to learning. We report a case where a SMAL set broke down due to the presence of a charismatic learner who was visibly biased against SMAL and questioned its utility from the outset. We suggest that the risk of similar breakdowns might be managed by developing a questionnaire to pre-assess participants' readiness for action learning and increasing the level or support during SMAL set meetings. While SMAL did not give rise to independent action learning sets after the courses, we were surprised and encouraged to find that learners instigated independent virtual learning networks, which flourished for up to a year after the courses. On the basis of this experiment we suggest that blended and fully virtual SMAL are worthy of further investigation in higher education and beyond.     

Social inequalities in attaining higher education in Scotland: New evidence from sibling data

Over the last decades, various policies at national and local levels have been implemented to widen participation in higher education (HE) in Scotland and more widely in the UK. Despite this, the acquisition of a HE qualification is still largely determined by the family in which individuals are born. Our study provides new evidence on the extent to which family factors matter by examining sibling data from the Scottish Longitudinal Study, a large-scale linkage study created using data from administrative and statistical sources. Random effects linear probability models are used to analyse individual and family-level variance in the chances of obtaining a HE qualification. Our results show that about 40% of the variation in the chances of attaining a university degree is explained by siblings’ shared family characteristics and about a third of this share is explained by parental social class, education and housing tenure. A high degree of sibling similarity in the outcome was found across all social-origin classes. However, while siblings of advantaged families are alike because they both graduated from HE, siblings of disadvantaged families are alike because neither of them did. We suggest that parental compensatory strategies in the former families and economic constraints in the latter families may explain such stark patterns of inequality. Finally, we do not find evidence that the availability of sub-degrees makes a difference to these patterns.     

EDUCATING THE WORKFORCE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: A Cross-Disciplinary Analysis of the Impact of the Undergraduate Experience on Students’ Development of a Pluralistic Orientation

This study extends the extant research demonstrating the educational benefits of diversity and examines how undergraduate students across disciplinary contexts acquire a set of pluralistic skills and dispositions necessary for today’s diverse workforce and society. The sample consisted of 4697 students who participated in a longitudinal study in the Fall of 2000 and Spring of 2002 at nine different public institutions. Findings from the study emphasize the importance of structural diversity in promoting positive interactions across race, which in turn produce positive indirect effects on students’ intergroup learning and second-year pluralistic orientation. The study also demonstrates the varying ways in which students in different majors acquire pluralistic skills, especially students in the engineering and life sciences. The study concludes with implications for practice and policy in the wake of the affirmative action case at the University of Michigan. This paper was originally presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for the Study of Higher Education, November 4–6, 2004, Kansas City, MO.     

芬兰高等教育中的性别不平等问题

文章通过分析芬兰社会中教育和性别的关系．揭示出诸多对女性发展的限制因素。高等教育中学科的性别隔离、女性的弱势地位以及男性为主导的文化氛围,这些方面都说明芬兰女性在高等教育中依然受到众多不公正的待遇。     

Participation disadvantage in Australian higher education: An analysis of some effects of geographical location and socioeconomic status

This paper describes the resultsof a study that re-examined the relatively lowhigher education participation rate of peopleliving in rural or isolated Australia. Thefocus of the study was the goals and plans ofAustralian school students in their seniorschool years and the underlying attitudestowards education. The study suggests highereducation participation for people in rural andisolated areas may be affected less by distancefrom university campuses than by socioeconomiccircumstances and the influences of ruralsocial and cultural contexts. Socioeconomiceffects are generally more pronounced andpervasive than any effects of locationidentified by this study. The implications ofthe findings for equity policy and programs arediscussed.