对近代中国农村家庭手工业的重新认识

近代中国农民家庭在经营农业的同时经营手工业，这是他们的唯一合理的选择；近代中国农村家庭手工业的主要性质已不再是封建自然经济条件下的自给自足的生产，而是同资本主义生产关系紧密联系的商品性生产；近代中国农村家庭手工业，在当时的历史条件下，不仅没有阻碍近代中国农村经济的发展，反而促进了它的发展。     

试论近代中国农村家庭手工业发展的必然性和积极性

近代中国农民在经营农业的同时经营着家庭手工业，这有其历史的必然性。这种手工业的主要性质是同资本主义生产关系紧密联系的商品性生产，它在抵制西方资本主义国家的经济侵略方面发挥了重要作用，所以，在当时的历史条件下。是有其积极意义的。     

论近代中国乡村手工业的三种形态

近代中国农村中存在着三种形态的手工业,即农民家庭手工业、工场手工业、工匠手工业,其中家庭手工业占主导地位,工场手工业获得了一定程度的发展,工匠手工业发挥着拾遗补缺的作用。三种形态互为补充,并在一定条件下互相转化,在一定程度上反映了近代农村社会经济生活的复杂性。     

历史必修二易错易混知识点辨析

1.古代中国手工业三种经营形态 古代中国手工业主要有三种经营形态:官营手工业、民营手工业、家庭手工业.三种经营形态的区别主要表现在:①管理方式方面,官营手工业由政府直接经营,进行集中的大作坊生产;民营手工业由民间私人经营;家庭手工业则是农户的副业.②产品流向方面,官营手工业产品主要供官府、贵族享用,不在市场流通;民营手工业主要生产民间消费品,产品主要面向市场进行流通;家庭手工业产品主要用来交纳赋税和家庭消费,只有剩余的一小部分会作为商品在市场上销售.     

晚清以来家庭结构变化对农村经济的影响

晚清以来社会剧变,在小农生产方式基础上建立起来的中国传统家庭结构随之发生变化。复合家庭减少,核心家庭增多,家庭规模减小。家庭是社会的基本细胞,家庭结构的变化势必给农业生产工具、农村家庭功能、家庭关系、农村人口城镇化以及近代手工业技术带来深远影响。     

论社会主义企业的性质与现代企业制度的建立

企业的含义及其一般特征什么是企业?企业是在社会分工的条件下,随着商品经济的发展而产生的,是近代和现代经济的基本单位。从历史上看,在人类社会生产发展的进程中,曾经出现血缘氏族、奴隶主庄园、封建庄园、小农家庭等基本单位,但它们都不是企业。企业是超出家庭范围的以协作劳动为基础的、以营利为目标的经济组织;企业作为生产的基本单位,在前资本主义时期一般来说是不存在的。它产生和发展于17世纪和18世纪资本主义工场手工业时期。它一开始就同比较发达的社会分工和商品经济联系在一起,随着社会分工和商品生产的普遍化,企业也就日益发展成为基本的经济组织,所以,商品性、盈利性、经营独立性乃是企业的一般特征。根据这些特征,通     

中国近代手工业的演变与反思

近代中国手工业经历了遭受破坏、畸形发展与停滞不前的复杂过程,如何看待近代外国资本主义对近代中国手工业的发展,“破坏论”与“发展论”均有失偏颇。近代外国资产阶级利用中国劳动力与原料价格低廉、社会动荡与市场不稳定,竭力维护中国落后的手工生产与“家内劳动”,短见的中国商人也竟相插足,使中国近代手工业长期陷入落后深渊。     

略论中国近代工业产生和发展的独特道路

略论中国近代工业产生和发展的独特道路刘洪英，王作峰所谓近代工业，是指工业生产由手工工场发展到资本主义机器生产阶段。中国近代工业是在沦为半殖民地、半封建社会条件下产生和发展的它一开始就走着一条与一般资本主义国家近代工业所不同的道路。一、中国近代工业产生...     

周代私营手工业类型略论

西周时期私营手工业主要有独立小手工业、家庭手工业、大私营手工业三种类型。独立手工业在西周时的数量恐怕有限,只是极少数从农业生产中分离出来而从事的小规模的经营,春秋战国以后,才有了一定的发展;家庭手工业主要以家庭副业的形式反映出来;大型私营手工业在春秋战国时得到了较充分的发展,主要集中在冶铸、煮盐、开采丹砂等方面,对这些大型手工业,专制国家往往采取抽税的办法进行管理。     

民国时期四川酒业资本与经营管理

酿酒业作为中国传统手工业,在民国时期发展较快,并经历了从家庭副业到专业作坊再到近代企业的演变过程,其中尤以四川酒类生产最为闻名.作为家庭副业的酿酒,在四川农村普遍存在,它不需要添置较多的设备,原料系自产或以酒换粮,资本规模很小;一些专业酢房的资本来源途径较多,尤以榨油业、盐业、零售业资本来源为多,资本规模一般在500元至二、三千元不等(1937年币值);具有近代企业性质的较大规模的酿酒企业,如允丰正、大川酒行、泸州温永盛等,不仅资本上万元,融资途径灵活,与银行关系密切,吸纳了较多的盐业资本,而且多为股份制,有明确的生产管理分工和按劳计酬的分配制度,重视产品质量和品牌,并涌现了一批对酒业发展作出较大贡献的企业家,他们不仅努力使酿酒业成为一个独立的行业,而且促成四川酿酒业由传统家庭手工业向近代工业演变.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.