关于流动人口子女的义务教育问题思考

“百名学者评论中国教育”专栏,以教育研究者的角度,就教育理论和实践中的热点、焦点、难点、冰点问题发表各种建设性见解。先期办成开放式的,一事一议,或提出问题,或分析评论,力求形成百家争鸣、百花齐放之势,激活中国之教育学术。待有重点问题时,再分专题讨论。特邀教育界有影响的专家学者参与,以教授和博士为主办成一个高层次论坛。各位同仁可就自己认为教育理论与实践中的重要问题写成评论,每篇2000-3000字为宜,诚请各位同仁在百忙中赐教赐稿。     

Exam-oriented education and implementation of education policy for migrant children in urban China

This paper investigates the implementation of education policy for migrant children in urban China. Historically, rural and urban residents in China were separated by the hukou system, and rural children were not allowed to attend urban schools. Since the relaxation of the hukou system in the early 1980s, large numbers of rural families migrated to cities. The right of migrant children to education in urban China was formally recognised by the government in a series of policies starting in 2001. The research reported, here, reveals that migrant children did not have equal access to urban schools nor did they enjoy an equally good education to that of urban children. Based on 53 in-depth interviews with school principals, teachers and pupils in two provincial capitals in China, this paper explores the main factors affecting the implementation of education policy for migrant children. The research demonstrates that policies relating to equal admissions criteria were not implemented as intended, with migrant children not having equal access to schools. However, policies relating to non-segregation and academic support were implemented as intended. It is argued that, at the school level, this is a result of the examination-oriented system, and schools’ responses to this.     

随迁子女义务教育政策执行失灵原因分析

随迁子女在流入地接受义务教育过程中入学门槛依然存在,教育权利难以保障;教育资源不均衡,教育效果难以保障;教育结果不平等,教育目标难以实现。随迁子女义务教育政策本身不具体明确,政策执行受到相关制度的制约,政策监控机制不健全等因素造成随迁子女义务教育政策执行失灵。     

中国农村义务教育投资:基本格局和政策讨论

随着我国财税体制改革的重大调整和社会主义市场经济体制的确立，重构农村义务教育投资体制已成为能否巩固“两基”成果的关键。在对“九五”期间我国农村义务教育投资变化作出量化分析的基础上，对目前农村义务教育投资体制存在的弊端展开了讨论，提出在中央财政比重已经加大的新形势下，有必要在公共财政的政策框架下，重新划分各级教育财政的事权和财权，建立规范的教育专项转移支付制度，调整政府教育投资分配的政策建议。     

Educational equality in China: analysing educational policies for migrant children in Beijing

This paper focuses on the education of migrant children in Beijing. As of the late 1990s, the Chinese Government has developed several policies to address educational issues among migrant children. The present study analyses data from interviews with key education personnel in Beijing to explore the outcomes of the implementation of such migrant children’s education (MCE) policies and the reasons for variation from policy design. The data suggest that there is poorer equality in terms of education among migrant vs. local children than the government has reported. Migrant children are faced with numerous strict admission procedures for public schools. The Chinese Government has not prioritised educational equality, despite professing to do so. The capability and motivation of local institutions for policy implementation are less adequate than might be expected. Using Honig’s model of policy implementation, this research shows that the outcomes of the MCE policies are a product of interaction between policy design, participants and implementation context.     

School-based primary school sexuality education for migrant children in Beijing,China

In May 2007, Beijing Normal University launched a programme of school-based sexuality education for migrant children in Xingzhi Primary School in Beijing. Over the past seven years, the project team has developed a school-based sexuality education curriculum using the International Technical Guidance on Sexuality Education published by UNESCO. The team has developed 12 volumes of textbooks for grades 1–6; trained teachers to deliver sexuality education using participatory teaching methods; and involved parents in the sexuality education process. The first group of migrant students to receive the full 6 years of sexuality education graduated in June 2013. Sexuality education in schools is gaining increasing attention and help from many sectors of Chinese society.     

制度创新与免费义务教育实施

温家宝总理在全国人大十届三次会议上作政府工作报告时表示,我国要逐步实施免费义务教育,从今年起免除国家扶贫开发工作重点县农村义务教育阶段贫困家庭学生的书本费、杂费,并补助寄宿学生生活费。这意味着真正意义上的义务教育的实施在我国开始提上日程。为此,本刊特邀湖南师范大学和北京师范大学两位专家就免费义务教育在我国的实施进行理论层面的探讨:一是从制度创新角度分析我国整体推进免费义务教育的主要障碍和策略;二是针对我国农村义务教育经费短缺的困局,提出我国农村义务教育免费的实施策略。     

中美义务教育均衡的政策比较

在义务教育基本普及后,将“均衡发展”作为义务教育的重点成为世界各国义务教育发展的共同趋势.从教育立法、义务教育财政制度、补偿教育等三个层面对中美两国义务教育均衡发展的教育政策进行比较分析,并提出可供我国借鉴的几点政策建议.     

流动儿童城市适应状况及过程:一项质性研究的结果

This article employs qualitative research methods to explore the urban adaptation and adaptation processes of Chinese migrant children. Through twenty-one in-depth interviews with migrant children, the researchers discovered: The participant migrant children showed a fairly high level of adaptation to the city; their process of urban adaptation emerged as three categories: the U-Type, the J-type, and the “flat line” type. Also explored were long-term acquisition of explicit behaviors, implicit notions, adaptation to the socio-cultural environment, and success in education as difficult aspects of adaptation. After comparing these three processes, the research team developed a theory of migrant children urban adaptation. It hypothesizes that during the urban adaptation process, migrant children will encounter four stages of development: excitement and curiosity, shock and resistance, exploration and adaptation, and finally integration and assimilation. __________ Translated by Amanda Weiss from Beijing Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Shehui Kexue Ban) 北京师范大学学报 (社会科学版) (Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Sciences)), 2008, (3): 9–20, revised by Deane Neubauer, Emeritus Professor, University of Hawaii     

义务教育阶段留守儿童与流动儿童差异分析

留守儿童和流动儿童均是农民工子女,然而在国家政策、受教育质量、心理健康以及未来发展机会等方面二者存在着显著差异.种种情况表明,留守儿童与流动儿童相比,是更值得关注的弱势群体.     

The education of migrant children in Shanghai: The battle for equity

The PISA success of Shanghai has aroused open challenge and debate about whether the city is a “model of equity”. There have been heated debates about the education of migrant children in Shanghai. This paper analyses publicly accessible policy papers and literature to provide a contextualised interpretation of the major progress and ongoing challenges surrounding the education of migrant children in Shanghai. The paper shows the structural inequalities affecting migrant families and their children. It refers to central as well as local government policies and the constraints these policies face. The analysis shows that Shanghai remains riddled with ongoing challenges that may have been obscured by the PISA success.     

流动人口子女义务教育问题剖析

本文通过分析我国在保障流动人口子女(主要是农民工子女)义务教育问题方面出台的政策变迁,以及这个问题的解决进程,指出流动人口女子义务教育问题的解决具有长期性和复杂性,并从转变流入地政府观念、拓宽资金渠道、加强数量监控等方面提出切实解决这个问题的政策构想。     

Learning from migrant education: A case study of the schooling of rural migrant children in Beijing

This paper focuses on the educational opportunities available to rural migrant children in Beijing. On the basis of fieldwork conducted in migrant communities in 2004–2005, I conclude that administrative and financial barriers, as well as discrimination, prevent migrant children from entering state schools. I discuss the quality of education available in unlicensed private schools, followed by an analysis of the possible reasons for the state's exclusion of migrant children from state schools and its hostility to migrants’ self-provision of education.     

论近代义务教育的实施和推广--以江苏为例

作为沿海地区最典型的省份,由于本地浓厚的化传统、发达的经济基础和士绅群体的推动,江苏近代义务教育形成了独特的模式：一方面,它始终保持着全国义务教育的先进位置;另一方面,其义务教育普及率并不高。在近代实施义务教育过程中,江苏首开义务教育亩捐,注意保持与中等、高等教育发展的适当比例,都是值得注意与研究的现象。     

The idealism of education policies and the realities in schools: the implementation of inclusive education in South Africa

Inclusive education as a global movement emerged over the past 30 years to ensure quality mainstream education for all learners. Since 1994 the newly democratic South Africa also had expectations as well as the political will to change education by adjusting legislation and policies. However, the vision of a truly inclusive education system in South Africa has been difficult to achieve and results regarding the implementation of inclusive education remain questionable. There has been a growing realisation that the advent of democracy was not in itself a sufficient condition for the elimination of historical and structural inequalities in education with as recurring theme the dissonance between the government's socio-political imperative for change and economic realities. This article focuses on the development of policy and guidelines on inclusive education in dynamic interaction with the complexity of realities in South African schools with a special focus on the policy recommendations regarding the development of full-service schools. The constant comparative analysis of the two phased case study of a full-service school in a rural town revealed interesting results illustrating the complexities regarding the implementation of inclusive education and the challenges and opportunities in bridging the gap between the idealism of policies and the realities in schools.     

政府应义不容辞地承担进城务工人员子女义务教育的财政责任

无论从义务教育的性质还是从实现社会公平的角度,进城务工人员子女的义务教育经费负担问题都是一个需要迫切关注的问题。对此进行全面、深入的分析具有重要的现实意义,在人口流动已经不可逆转的背景下,政府应义不容辞地承担起进城务工人员子女义务教育的财政责任,特别是输入地政府应负起主要的责任,保证他们公平接受义务教育。     

Disenchantment and participatory limits of compulsory education: lessons from Southwest China

Despite the state’s unrelenting efforts to enforce compulsory basic education, schooling in rural ethnic China remains an elusive ideal that leads to massive dropout and prepares many only for factory sweatshops. Based on 16 months of ethnographic research, this article examines the disjuncture between the official education policy known as the Two Basics Project (TBP) and the lived practices and beliefs observed in two rural ethnic communities. It investigates how students’ disenchantment and withdrawal from school challenges compulsory education as a fragile universalist attempt at social progress. Instead of merely examining what factors contribute to the policy failure, the analysis questions the very ‘progressive’ ideals and teleological visions at work in China’s educational programming, and challenges binaries such as literacy/illiteracy, cultured/uncultured, modernity/traditionalism.