荧光光谱法研究盐酸青藤碱与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

采用荧光光谱技术研究了在pH7.40的Tris-HC1缓冲介质中盐酸青藤碱与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.实验发现:盐酸青藤碱对BSA的荧光具有较强的猝灭作用,根据不同温度下盐酸青藤碱猝灭BSA荧光过程的Stem-Volmer方程,得到盐酸青藤碱对BSA的荧光猝灭属于静态猝灭过程:根据Ftirster非辐射能量转移理论计算出盐酸青藤碱与BSA间的结合距离r=2.22 nm:根据结合过程的热力学数据表明二者主要靠氢键和范德华力结合;另外采用同步荧光光谱技术探讨了盐酸青藤碱对BSA构象的影响.     

HPLC法测定复方抗溃混悬液中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的:建立测定复方抗溃混悬液中盐酸小檗碱含量的方法;方法:用高效液相色谱法测定含量,采用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB -C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液(50:50)(每100 mL加十二烷基磺酸钠0.1 g),检测波长345砌,流速1.0 mL/min.结果:盐酸小檗碱的线性范围为6.175 ～61.75μg/mL(r=0.9998),平均回收率为99.3％,RSD为0.69％(n=6),复方抗溃混悬液中小檗碱含量为1.02～1.05 mg/g.结论:试验表明该方法可用于复方抗溃混悬液的质量控制,该方法专属性强、操作简便.     

盐酸小檗碱的流动注射化学发光法测定

在碱性介质中,盐酸小檗碱对luminol-KIO4化学发光反应有强烈抑制作用,且其抑制的程度与盐酸小檗碱的浓度呈线性相关.据此,建立了快速、简便、灵敏度高的流动注射-化学发光测定盐酸小檗碱的新方法.方法的线性范围为1.0~103pg mL-1,检出限为0.3 pg mL-1(3σ),RSD小于5%(n=5).采用标准加入法,成功地测定了药物中盐酸小檗碱的含量,回收率为84.1%-110.0%.     

HPLC测定关黄柏不同部位的盐酸小檗碱含量

采用超声法提取关黄柏皮、叶和关黄柏果中盐酸小檗碱,并用高效液相色谱法测定其不同部位盐酸小檗碱含量,流动相为甲醇-乙腈-磷酸(0.01 mol/L)=(10:28:62,V/V),流速为1 mL/min,检测波长为350 nm;进样量为10μL.线性范围为2.20～13.20μg/mL,标准偏差(RSD)小于2.70％,加标回收率为93.21％～99.38％.实验结果表明:关黄柏皮、叶和果中盐酸小檗碱含量分别为:0.484％,0.323％,0.0021％,关黄柏叶和皮中均含有较高含量的盐酸小檗碱,其中关黄柏皮盐酸小檗碱的含量最高.     

青藤碱印迹材料制备及性能研究

以表面修饰功能基团的SiO2微球为基体,以青藤碱为模板分子,丙烯酸为功能单体,在SiO2微球表面制备青藤碱核-壳型印迹聚合物.采用UV、FTIR、SEM及HPLC等手段进行表征和分析.结果表明:在聚合物表面制备了壳层厚度约为0.05μm的均匀印迹层,对青藤碱表现出较好的印迹效率,且能反复使用.     

HPLC法同时测定海珠喘息定片中盐酸去氯羟嗪和盐酸氯丙那林的含量

目的:建立高效液相色谱法同时测定海珠喘息定片中盐酸去氯羟嗪和盐酸氯丙那林的含量.方法:采用Scienhome C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d,5 μm),以甲醇-磷酸盐缓冲液(60:40)为流动相,流速1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为213 nm;柱温:30℃.结果:盐酸去氯羟嗪和盐酸氯丙那林均在8～420 μg穖L-1范围内与其各自对应的峰面积呈良好线性关系(r≥0.9995),回收率在99.2%～100.8%之间,精密度RSD≤1.21%.结论:本法操作简便,灵敏度高,结果准确可靠,可用于海珠喘息定片中盐酸去氯羟嗪和盐酸氯丙那林的质量监测.     

反相流动注射化学发光法测定盐酸林可霉素

基于盐酸林可霉素对Luminol-KIO4体系化学发光有强烈的增敏作用,结合反向流动注射技术,建立了测定盐酸林可霉素的流动注射化学发光的方法;在优化的实验条件下,测定盐酸林可霉素的线性范围为1.0×10-9～7.0×10-5mol.L-1,检出限为3.4×10-9mol.L-1,对对于浓度为1.0×10-7mol.L-1的盐酸林可霉素连续测定11次,测定值的相对标准偏差为0.8%,以片剂为基体,用标准加入法检验方法的回收率,测得结果在99.6%～101.0%之间.     

青藤碱结构修饰研究进展

青藤碱属于异喹啉类生物碱,具有抗炎、镇痛、免疫抑制等多种生物活性.主要对青藤碱近年来的结构修饰及其衍生物生物活性研究进展进行综述,其中一些青藤碱衍生物具有优良的活性.     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸左西替利嗪片的含量

目的建立盐酸左西替利嗪片的含量测定方法.方法以水为溶剂,用紫外分光光度法直接测定盐酸左西替利嗪片中盐酸左西替利嗪的含量.结果该方法测得盐酸左西替利嗪平均回收率为99.85%、RSD为0.45%.结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确,基质不干扰测定,可用于盐酸左西替利嗪片的质量控制.     

女宝胶囊中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的HPLC分析

目的 :建立HPLC法同时测定女宝中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的方法。方法 :用甲醇提取女宝中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱 ,HPLC分析 ,紫外检测器检测。色谱柱 :YWG -C18(10 μm ,2 5 0mm× 4 .6mm)。流动相 :水 -甲醇 -乙腈梯度析脱。流速 :1.0ml/min。柱温 :30℃。检测波长 :2 2 5nm。结果 :吴茱萸碱的回归方程为Y =14 7.37X + 1186 .32 ,相关系数为0 .9999,线性范围为 5～ 10 0 0 μg/mL ,回收率为 99.83% ;吴茱萸次碱的回归方程为Y =10 1.19X + 2 79.81,相关系数为 0 .9999,线性范围为 4 .5～ 90 0 μg/mL ,回收率为 98.72 %。本文所用女宝胶囊中吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱的含量分别为 0 .0 82 % (0 .10 3mg/粒 )和 0 .0 5 5 % (0 .0 6 9mg/粒 )。结论 :本文方法稳定性高 ,重现性好 ,操作简单。是生产女宝胶囊质量监控较理想的方法。     

The EHE‐EMSAT Project: the development of awareness of electronic mail among student teachers

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the results of a one‐year project designed to develop the awareness of 291 student teachers in the area of electronic mail (e‐mail). The project was successful in increasing the active use of e‐mail and the general awareness of students: the number of active users rose from 17 to 33%, and the number of those able to explain e‐mail to a colleague rose from 12 to 45%. Case study material is presented to illustrate the conditions under which the development of e‐mail flourished with one particular group of modern languages student teachers. Conclusions are drawn concerning the utility of the cascade model of curriculum development in extending electronic communication.     

产酶微生物筛选及其在帕罗西汀中间体拆分中的应用

通过手性柱高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析法,从实验室保藏菌种以及采集的土样中筛选出能立体选择性催化帕罗西汀中间体的产脂肪酶的微生物菌株.其中,编号为油4的菌株所产的脂肪酶具有相对较高的催化活力和立体选择性,在反应温度为35℃,反应时间为14 h时,催化水解化反应的底物转化率为39.64%,产物对映体过量值为17.8%.     

超临界CO2萃取法与微波辅助萃取法提取当归挥发油的比较

采用GC—MS联用技术对超临界CO2萃取法与微波辅助萃取法两种方法提取到的当归挥发油进行了成分和含量分析。当归挥发油中主要活性成分为藁本内酯。用超临界CO2萃取得到的当归挥发油中藁本内酯含量最高,可达60％,但挥发油收率只有1．9％;溶剂微波辅助萃取得到的挥发油中藁本内酯含量较低,为30％-50％,但挥发油收率有2．6％。4．4％。     

History of abuse and neglect in patients with schizophrenia who have a history of violence

Objective

To determine the prevalence of five forms of abuse/neglect during childhood and adolescence in a group of schizophrenic patients with a history of violence.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients hospitalized in a highly secured psychiatric unit were included. Abuse and neglect during patients’ growth were evaluated with the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). History of substance abuse (consumption of cannabis, and/or alcohol, and/or heroin, and/or cocaine during the year that preceded the hospitalization), incarceration, and death of a close parent were also collected.

Results

We found that 46.4% of patients experienced at least 1 form of abuse and/or neglect during childhood and 21.4% of them had experienced more than 2 forms of abuse and/or neglect. The 2 most frequent forms of neglect and abuse were physical abuse (39.3%) and emotional neglect (17.9%). History of substance abuse was found for cannabis (57.1%), alcohol (57.1%), and cocaine and/or heroin (35.7%). We found that 42.8% of patients had 1 close relative who had died during their growth and that 41.6% of these deaths were violent.

Conclusion

It appears important to systematically search for and assess a history of abuse and neglect during growth in schizophrenic patients with a history of violence, in order to offer specific treatments for this group of patients.     

Parents' Socialization of Children's Injury Prevention: Description and Some Initial Parameters

In a year-long participant observation study of remediative action following actual injury, 61 8- and 9-year-old children and their 27-46-year-old mothers wrote records and reported on more than 1,000 minor injuries in branching biweekly interviews. Mothers reported that 80.1% of injuries received no parent-initiated remediation, 14% received only a lecture, and less than 3% of injuries were followed by parental action. Children reported that 96.1% of their injuries were followed by no remediative action and recalled lectures after only 1.2% of injuries. Remediative action was related to type of child activity (e.g., unstructured play was followed by remediation more often than more purposive behavior) and to mother's affect (e.g., anger) and beliefs (e.g., that injury was the child's fault or due to rule violation). The parameters that influenced remediative consequences, and thus that may influence future injury, are discussed.     

Malicious use of nonpharmaceuticals in children

Objective

The objective of this study was to describe malicious nonpharmaceutical exposures in children reported to US poison centers.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study of all nonpharmaceutical exposures involving children 7 years old reported to the US National Poison Data System (NPDS) from 2000 to 2008 for which the reason for exposure was coded as “malicious”. The American Association of Poison Control Centers definition and categorization of nonpharmaceuticals was used. Data collected for each case included age, gender, month and year of the exposure, the exposed substance or substances, intent, and poison center outcome designation. Fatality abstracts (summaries of the facts reported to the poison center) were reviewed.

Results

Out of approximately 21.4 million exposures reported to NPDS during the study period, 4,053 cases involving 4,232 nonpharmaceuticals were identified. The mean number of cases per year was 450 (range 409-546) with no linear annual trend (p = 0.28). The median age was 3 years (1.5, 5) with boys constituting 57%. 4.5% of the cases resulted in moderate or worse outcomes in which the outcome was known. The most commonly reported major categories were household cleaning substances (23%), cosmetics/personal care products (13%), pesticides (8%), other/unknown nondrug substances (6%), foreign bodies/toys/miscellaneous (5%), alcohols (5%), hydrocarbons (4%), lacrimators (4%), chemicals (4%), and deodorizers (3%). Four children died and 18 others had lifethreatening injuries. Among these 22 children, cleaning substances (7) were the most common major category followed by chemicals (4), alcohols (3), fumes/gases/vapors (2) and six other categories with 1 each. In the only case where the presence or absence of associated physical injuries was described, the child had multiple injuries consistent with physical abuse.

Conclusion

Malicious administration of nonpharmaceuticals is an important component of child maltreatment with cases being reported consistently to poison centers.

Practical implications

Clinicians should consider the possibility of child abuse when presented with these exposures.     

Conceptualization, reporting and underreporting of child abuse in Hong Kong

OBJECTIVE: To understand the conceptualization of child abuse and attitudes on reporting behaviors of Hong Kong adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone survey of 1,001 randomly selected subjects. MAIN RESULTS: There is a discrepancy between perceived prevalence and the ability to name different child abuse types without prompting: 79.9% named physical abuse, while 41.2% felt it was common: 21.0% named child neglect, while 76.9% felt it was common; 13.4% named psychological abuse, while 47.4% felt it was common; 6.8% named sexual abuse, while 23.5% felt it was common. Most respondents classified severe physical abuse situations as abusive (e.g., "severely injuring a child"). Other scenarios such as "mildly injuring a child" and neglect and psychological abuse scenarios (e.g., "leaving a young child alone at home" and "shouting at a child often") were often not classified as abusive. As regards case-reporting behavior, only about 40% would report abuse cases to authorities. Those who would not report abuse were less likely to classify abuse situations as abusive and more likely to think that seeking help is difficult, troublesome and unhelpful. CONCLUSIONS: The official reported prevalence figures for child abuse in Hong Kong should be interpreted with care, because underreporting is likely to be serious. Hong Kong people's conceptualization and awareness of what comprises child abuse is found to differ from official definitions. They are reluctant to report abuse cases, due to their perceived low efficacy of case reporting. Both the difference in conceptualization and the reluctance to report might partly be attributable to Chinese culture.     

Characteristics of child abuse homicides in the state of Kansas from 1994 to 2007

Objective

This study described the epidemiology of child abuse homicides in the state of Kansas from 1994 to 2007. It focused on obtaining significant details on all recorded child abuse homicides in Kansas during this time frame to provide critical information that can be used for future preventive measures.

Methods

A retrospective case review was conducted on data gathered by the Kansas State Child Death Review Board for all cases of “child abuse homicides” that occurred from 1994 to 2007.

Results

A total of 170 child abuse homicide cases in Kansas between 1994 and 2007 were identified. The majority of these cases (63.5%) were considered fatal child physical abuse. There was a predominance of female victims (55.9%). The vast majority of victims were White (78.8%), followed by Black (17.1%). One to 2-year-olds accounted for the largest age group of children who were victimized (33.5%). For cases with known prenatal care status, 74% of mothers received adequate prenatal care. The largest percentage of victims was children of single mothers (40.6%), with no prior history of child abuse (60%). The majority of deaths occurred in the victim's residence (81.8%). The greatest number of deaths occurred secondary to abusive head trauma (42.9%), followed by asphyxia (21.8%). When a trigger was known, 44.2% involved inconsolable crying. The most common perpetrator was the victim's biological father (26.6%), followed by the victim's biological mother (24.9%), then the victim's mother's male paramour (19.8%).

Conclusions

Familiarity with characteristics involved in child abuse homicide allows for opportunities to enlist important preventive measures. Most child abuse homicides occurred at the hands of the victim's biological parents and in the victim's own residence. Prevention should be focused on parent education and coping mechanisms for the frustrating features of crying in normal infants that lead to shaking or abuse.     

Promoting academic writing/referencing skills: Outcome of an undergraduate e-learning pilot project

Future health care professionals will require self‐directed learning skills. e‐Learning is a tool to assist in this process and therefore there is a need to develop the capacity and readiness to utilise e‐learning within educational programmes. The aim of this study was to determine if extra‐curricular online referencing and anti‐plagiarism lectures would be utilised and would ultimately improve 1st‐year undergraduate health sciences students’ performance in written assessments. A series of six online archived multimedia lectures (asynchronous) were offered. Adult learning theory principles guided the resource design. Pre‐ and post‐testing of knowledge, attitudes and computer skills was carried out. In‐person tutorials and online email support were also offered. Less than 36% (self‐report) of students accessed the online resources. The poor uptake revealed in this study is consistent with a number of other studies. These findings indicate the need for more careful scrutiny of the learning theory applied in e‐learning design. Prochaska's transtheoretical model is suggested as a framework with strong potential for e‐learning initiatives.     

标准大骨瓣开颅减压治疗重型颅脑损伤80例临床分析

目的:探讨标准大骨瓣减压手术治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效。方法:回顾性分析80例行标准大骨瓣开颅减压治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料。结果:术后6~18个月,采用格拉斯哥预后标准(GCS)评估:良好36例(45%),中残10例(12.5%),重残6例(7.5%),植物生存2例(2.5%),死亡26例(31.25%)。结论:标准大骨瓣术式清除血肿彻底,减压充分,可改善重型颅脑损伤患者的预后。