影响儿童错误记忆的因素及其理论解释

有关儿童错误记忆的研究是心理学研究中的重要领域.促使儿童产生错误记忆的影响因素主要有易受暗示性、压力、访谈技术、认知不成熟等.源检测理论和模糊痕迹理论是目前解释儿童错误记忆产生机制的两种主要理论,前者认为根据记忆的特征判断记忆的采源可以检测记忆的真实程度,后者则认为记忆痕迹的强弱决定了个体记忆编码与提取的准确度.目前有关儿童错误记忆的临床与实验研究都存在一些缺陷,研究者应当更加注重自然情境下儿童错误记忆的真实表现.     

儿童记忆发展的研究综述

记忆的研究一直以来是心理学研究的重点。记忆的发展被归因于四方面：基本加工和容量、策略、元认知以及内容知识,并且儿童记忆是随着这四个方面的增长而发展的。这篇文章阐述了儿童记忆发展的规律及其机制,以其能够更好的了解人类记忆的发展。     

情绪对错误记忆的影响:DRM范式下的研究及争议

大量的研究结果表明,情绪是错误记忆效应产生的一个重要因素.大多数研究认为情绪性项目的错误记忆更低,只有少数一些研究认为中性项目和情绪项目的错误记忆率没有差别.情绪状态对错误记忆的影响较为复杂,存在很大的争议.但自从记忆的精确性成为研究热点以来,绝大多数结果表明负性情绪影响着错误记忆的产生.负性信息虽然能更多地回忆出来,但同时也更可能出现错误.错误记忆中的激活过程很大程度上依赖于唤醒.高唤醒水平组表现出词汇决定任务中的简化趋势,出现了更高的错误记忆,而低唤醒组则没有表现出这一趋势.     

中小学生语言学习中的错误记忆

在阐述错误记忆的基础上,重点探讨语言学习中的错误记忆现象,并指出基础教育的教学不仅要使学生对所学知识产生良好的正确记忆,还要尽可能防止学生产生错误记忆,防止知识的混淆和回忆中的似是而非。在教学过程中应该保证学生有足够的学习和复习时间,采用正确的教学手段,从而尽量减少学生的虚假或错误的回忆。     

错误记忆研究范式综述

目前,关于错误记忆的研究主要有考察人们对单词的错误记忆的联想研究范式和无意识知觉范式,考察个体对持续事件的错误记忆的误导信息干扰范式和KK研究范式及非实验研究的日常记忆研究范式。它们都不同程度地揭示了错误记忆现象的本质特征,是有效的研究方法。     

生存加工中错误记忆的适应性观点

在记忆的生存优势效应中,错误记忆的表现同样至关重要。其表现出与正确记忆率同时增加的现象,显示了生存情景中错误记忆的特殊性,也从某种程度上证明了错误记忆的适应性价值。此外,文章还阐述了适应性记忆中错误记忆的主要类型和特点。     

生存加工中错误记忆的适应性观点

在记忆的生存优势效应中,错误记忆的表现同样至关重要.其表现出与正确记忆率同时增加的现象,显示了生存情景中错误记忆的特殊性,也从某种程度上证明了错误记忆的适应性价值.此外,文章还阐述了适应性记忆中错误记忆的主要类型和特点.     

记忆发展的质和量

儿童记忆的发展在不同的年龄阶段有不同的速率。3—6岁儿童记忆发展迅速。发展速度有随年龄的增长而逐年递减的趋势。7—14岁儿童记忆的增长不如3—6岁儿童那样迅速,但11岁之前仍有显著地提高。儿童心理学将儿童记忆的发展划为质和量两个方面,质的发展主要指无意记忆和有意记忆的发展。幼儿以无意记忆占主导地     

错误记忆的影响因素

人们从单词和事件的角度对错误记忆进行了大量的研究,得出了影响错误记忆的因素。总结归为学习的材料、被试和测验过程等方面的因素,通过对不同的影响因素的探讨,我们可以进一步了解其与错误记忆的关系,也为探讨错误记忆的机制和实质提供了有价值的参考。     

记忆老化:基于记忆理论的综述

记忆老化是选择性的,订发生在工作记忆和情书记忆方面,编码或提取信息所需韵精细加工愈多,年龄差异就愈大。许多与年龄相关的记忆差异能够用简单的认知机制如知觉速度来解释,切不能归因于非认知变量。     

If You're Happy and You Know It: Positive Moods Reduce Age‐Related Differences in False Memory

When tested in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm, children typically exhibit fewer false memories than do adolescents or adults. Here, participants’ moods and the valence of word lists were manipulated to explore the mechanism responsible for this developmental reversal in memory performance. Children (7‐ to 8‐year‐olds), adolescents (11‐ to 12‐year‐olds), and young adults (18‐ to 22‐year‐olds; N = 270) were assigned to one of three induced mood conditions and were presented with emotional word lists. In negative moods, adolescents and adults falsely recalled more negative information than did children, showing the typical developmental reversal effect. This effect, however, was eliminated when participants were in positive moods. The findings provide support for associative‐activation theory and have important implications for our understanding of the development of emotional false memories.     

错误记忆研究范式——两条不同取向的研究路线

文章重点讨论错误记忆的研究范式,分析DRM范式的生态效度和植入性错误记忆的有效性问题,全面总结错误记忆研究范式的发展与进步,并在此基础上,对未来的相关研究内容及方向做出展望。     

The Development of Memory and Processing Capacity

The assumption of some developmental theories that short-term memory is the workspace of higher cognitive processes, and consequently that span measures processing capacity, is claimed to be inconsistent with the working memory literature. 4 experiments, using children aged 5 to 12 years, contrast this theory with a model in which short-term memory and the processing space component of working memory are at least partly distinct. Experiments 1 and 2 varied processing load, holding duration constant. The processing load manipulation had little effect on recall of a short-term memory preload. Experiments 3 and 4 failed to support the prediction that the greater processing efficiency of older children would be associated with slower loss of information from short-term memory. Although counting and rehearsal rates increased with age, and correlated with span, they did not predict the rate of loss of memory preload due to intervening counting. The data suggest that effects obtained with short-term memory span do not provide clear indications of overall working memory development, because short-term memory span and the processing space component of working memory entail distinct systems.     

Children's and Adults' Spontaneous False Memories: Long-Term Persistence and Mere-Testing Effects

In studies of children's false memories of word lists, it has been found that false alarms are stable over long-term retention intervals (persistence effect), that the stability of false alarms can equal or exceed that of hits, that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of hits on later tests (true-memory inoculation effect), that earlier memory tests increase the frequency of false alarms on later tests (false-memory creation effect), and that test-induced increases in false alarms can equal or exceed increases for hits. We studied these phenomena in 6-, 8-, and 11-year-olds and in adults using short narratives about everyday objects and events. All of the phenomena were detected at all ages, but levels of spontaneous memory falsification were much higher than for word lists and patterns of developmental change were somewhat different. Important new findings were that the persistence effect and the false-memory creation effect were greatest for statements that would be regarded as factually incorrect reports of events in sworn testimony and that, like suggestive questioning, interviews that involve nonsuggestive recognition questions may nevertheless taint children's memories.     

解读虚假理论——以波普尔的科学哲学为视角

波普尔是当代西方一位具有反传统思想的科学哲学家。其科学哲学思想包含了对虚假理论的认可,认为虚假理论是科学进步的阶梯,是批判传统存在的源泉。肯定虚假理论的合理性实质上是赋予科学错误合法性,认识及此有利于我们从错误中学习。     

记忆多贮存说与加工水平说的调和

多贮存说和加工水平说是关于记忆的重要心理学理论。多贮存说强调不同记忆结构应体现个体对记忆信息不同的加工深度；加工水平说所主张对记忆信息不同的加工水平应是在不同记忆结构上的水平差异。多贮存说和加工水平说两大理论完全可以交融。     

不同语言能力幼儿在三种错误信念任务中的表现

本研究采用了实验的方法,以言语、非言语性任务,意外转移与表征变化任务为变量,考察了不同语言能力的88名3-4岁幼儿的错误信念理解能力。研究结果发现,降低错误信念任务对语言能力的要求并不能改变幼儿在错误信念理解上的年龄特征;在3岁和4岁两个年龄组中,语言能力超常的幼儿在各项实验任务上的表现均好于语言能力一般的幼儿。