横断山地区兰科植物区系的研究

兰科在横断山地区是维管束植物中的大科之一，共有91属，363种及9变种。 4属为我国特有属，其中1属为本地区所特有；155种及9变种为我国特有种。  其中69种及5变种为本地区所 特有。本文对属、种进行了分析，并对全部种的分布格局作了详细的介绍，概述了本地区兰科植物的区系组成及特点。本文从兰科植物属、种的分布提出了四川峨眉山是东亚植物区中划分中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区和中国-日本植物亚区的分界线上的一个重要的点的看法。     

中国植物区系中的特有现象——特有属的研究

本文对我国种子植物特有属作了初步研究，提出如下几点粗浅的看法：     1．根据我国各特有属的现代地理分布格局，大部分特有属具有明显的温带性特点。     2．我国特有属在水平分布上具有极不均匀的特点。各特有属的广布程度都很低，生态特     化现象十分明显。在垂直分布上，则主要分布于中海拔地区。特有属数目并不随海拔增高而     增多。     3．根据特有属分布的密集程度和分布区边界的密集交叠情况，划定了三个特有属分布中    心，即川东—鄂西中心, 滇东南—桂西中心和川西—滇西北中心。前二中心可能是残遗中心，后一中心则可能为分化中心。     

峨眉山兰科植物的地理分布和区系特点

 Situated in western part of Sichuan Province, 29°30'N, 103°20'E, the sacred Mt. Emei is one of the well-known large mountains in China. Its summit is about 3100 m ab- ove sea level with a relative height of 2550 m.        The orchid flora in Mt. Emei so far known comprises 47 genera and 109 species, among which 21 are epiphytes, 83 terrestrials and 5 saprophytes (Table 1.)        1.  The vertical distribution of the orchid flora in the mountain. The epiphytic orchids are concentrated in the lower region  below Hongchunping and Wanniansi (1100 m alt.), where there are 20 species, which make over 95% of epiphytic species; the upper limit for the epiphytic orchids is Jiulaodong and Chudian ( 1800 m alt.). The terrestrial orchids also mainly occur at the lower region below Jiulaodong and Chudian (1800 m alt.), where there are 54 species, most of which are found at even lower part of the mountain, below Hongchunping and Wanniansi (1100 m alt.). The tropicas orchids in the mountain, such as Cleisostoma, Vanda, Holcoglossum, Tropiclia, Thunia, Mischobulbum, Ludisia, Anoectochilus, Odontochilus, etc. all grow only at the lower part of the mountain below Hongchunping and Wanniansi (1100 m alt.).        2. The floristic features of the orchid flora in the Mt. Emei.        (1)  The orchid flora in the mountain so far known comprises 47 genera (over 2/3 of the total orchid genera in Sichuan) and 109 species (over 1/3 of the total orchid species in Sichuan). The Mt. Emei is very rich in orchid species, as compared with neighbouring mountains of same magnitude, such as Mt. Shennonjia in western Hubei, Qin Ling in sou- thern Shaanxi, Jinfo Shan in south-eastern Sichuan, and Erlang Shan in western Sichuan.        (2)  The orchids in the mountain are complex in floristic components as indicated below:        1)  Twenty seven species, belonging to 18 genera, are widespread, covering the whole East-Asian region.        2)  Twenty three species, belonging to 15 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. Among them 13 species occur only in Japan and eastern China with the mountain ar the westernmost limit, but the other species extend westwards as far as Kangding and ErLang Shan or Baoxing in Sichuan Province.        3)  Forty two species, belonging to 22 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Himala-yan Subregion, with 5 species having their range extending from the Himalayan  region eastwards to Mt. Emei.        4)  Some tropical genera (8 species), belonging to Indo-Malaysian floristic elements, have the mountain as their northern limit of distribution.       The orchid flora of the Mt. Emei contains not only the East-Asian elements, but also some Indo-Malaysian elements, though its composition is mainly of the temperate and subtropical Eastern Asian (Sino-Japanese) ones.        (3)  The orchid flora in the mountain is characterized by geographical vicariation and differentiation.       There are nine species-pairs (belong to genera Calanthe,  Platanthera,  Dendrobium etc.) of the vertical vicarism and six species-pairs (belonging to genera Tropidia, Aneoctochilus, Mischobulbum, Gymnadenia Orchis, etc.) of the horizontal vicarism in the Mt.  Emei.       Remarkable differentiation of orchid flora in the Mt. Emei is shown in the abundance of endemic elements and as clear geographical vicariation.        (4)  There are 8 endemic species and one variety of orchids in the Mt. Emei, more  abundant than in Xizang.      The floristic features of the orchid flora of the Mt. Emei are rich in species, compara tively complex in components, rather prolific in endemic species, and characterized by geographical vicariation and differentiation. The orchid flora in the Mt. Emei mainly consists of the subtropical and temperate East-Asian elements, with a  considerable proportion of tropical elements though.     

西藏高原植物区系中特有属的研究

The Xizang (Tibetan) flora with numerous endemics is of importance in Chi- nese flora.   According to recent statistics there are in Xizang 27 genera of  spermatophytes endemic to China, being only 2.25% percent of the total number of genera in the Xizang flora. Four of them are regarded as palaeoendemics (14.81%) and the others as neoendemics (85.19%). These endemic genera, of 30 species and 3 varieties, belong to 17 families, of which, Umbelli- ferae contains 6 genera, 7 species and 3 varieties; Compositae has 6 genera and 7 species, and Gentianaceae 1 genus and 2 species.  All the other families each comprises one genus with a single species.       The cosmopolitan families together comprising 14 genera with 15 species have the highest perecentage (52.92%) and the tropical ones (5 families, 5 genera with 5 species) come to the next (29.42%), followed by the temperate ones (3 families, 10 genera with 10 species) (17.66%). It shows that these endemic genera are obviously related to the tropical flora and temperate one in essence.        According to the number of species, the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xi- zang flora may be grouped as fallows. Monotypic endemic ones 14 (51.85%) Ditypic endemic ones 6 (22.22%) Oligotypic endemic ones 4 (14.81%) Small endemic ones 3 (11.11%)        The formation of the endemic genera is correlated with the topography, climate and en- vironmental conditions, and they may have resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time.  The southeastern part of Xizang Plateau is of very diverse ecological conditions, with the adequate precipitation, which may explain the concentration of these endemic genera in this region.        The largest similarity coefficient (38.30%) of the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang is with those in Qinghai Plateau, next, with those in Yunnan and in Sichuan pro- vinces (both 27.60%), which shows that these endemic genera are related to the floras of the regions mentioned above.        The difference in the horizontal distribution of these endemic genera is obviously between the southern and northern parts of Xizang Plateau.  The vertical distribution of the genera is also rather obvious, from 800 m to 5200 m above sea level, but concentrated in the zone of 3000 m to 4500 mm.  Therefore their occurrence in Xizang is not only affected by the historical environmental conditions but also controlled by the horizontal and vertical distribution.      The origin and evolution of some endemic genera, such as Psammosilene, Parateropyrum, Sphaerotylos, Salweenia, Ajaniopsis, Xizangia, Sinoleontopodium, are discussed in this paper.      Parateropyrum, a monotypic palaeotropic endemic, belongs to the tribe Atraphaxideae in- cluding Atraphaxis, Calligonum and Pteropyrum.  It may be a comparatively advanced group in the tribe, and is closely related to the genus Pteropyrum  which is  distributed in western Asia.  The genus Parapteropyrum has possibly survived as a palaetropic-tertiary  relic in this region.      Sphaerotylos, a member of the subtribe Sphaerotylinae, the tribe Boehmerieae in the family Urticaceae, is a comparatively primitive genus in the tribe Boehmerieae so far known.  As the other subtribes, such as Boehmerinae, Sarconchlamydinae, Orecnidinae and Maoutinae, are dis- tributed in the tropics, rarely in the subtropics, the genus is no doubt a palaetropic -tertiary relic.      Sinoleontopodium, belonging to the tribe lnuleae in Compositae, is also related to the ge- nus Leontopodium.  It is probable that the genus Sinoleontopodium arised later than the other.       We come to the conclusion that the southern part of Xizang Plateau is also one of thecentres of the origin and differentiation of genera endemic to China.     

中国龙胆科一新属——扁蕾属

Gentiana was originally proposed by Tournefort in 1700. Linnaeus adopted this generic name in his “Genera Plantarum” published in 1737. He divided the genus into seven groups on the basis of different shapes of corolla and forms of floral appendages. In his “Species Plantarum” he reorganized them into three artificial ones.  Forty years later, Moench established a new genus, Gentianella under which he described G. tetrandra as the type of his new genus.  In the view of identity of Gentianella tetrandra with Gentiana campestris L., it is evident that Gentianella represents only some plants formerly included in Gentiana at Linnaeus time.  In 1796, Froelich’s monograph on Gentiana appeared.  In his work four sections were represented and one of them was Crossopetalum.  In 1845, Grisebach also published a monograph of  Gentianaceae and recorded fifteen sections of which Amarella and Imaicola are two of his seven proposed ones. In 1888, Huxley studied the floral structure of Gentianaceae  in relation with pollination mechanism and, accordingly, divided the family into two  main groups, one with epipetalous glands, the other with glands at the base of the ovary.  In each group, four types of flowers were found.  He concluded that Gentiana was a  complex genus on account of presence of four different types of flowers in this group,  and suggested that many species of the genus should be separated out to form some smaller  generic categories.  Six years after, Kusnezow in his monograph divided Gentiana into  two subgenera Eugentiana and Gentianella.  In his system, subgenus Eugentiana consists  of ten sections and the Gentianella, seven.  He contributed much to the systematic  treatment of Eugnetiana but little to that of Gentianella.  He maintained the genus  Gentiana in a broad sense.  With increased knowledge of this group in the last thirty years, a number of botanists were able to make a clearer delimitation of true Gentiana  and its allies and treated them in more natural way.  Moench’s genus Gentianella was  rerised.  In 1936, H. Smith separated Megacodon from Gentianella as a genus.  In the  present paper, the writer suggests a generic name Gentianopsis for the section Crossopetalum in the same Genus. This new genus is characterized by (1) its large and somewhat flattened ellipsoidal   flower bud, (2) two dissimilar pairs of calyx lobes which are distichously imbricate in  aestivation, (3) four triangular, ciflated intracalyx membranes at the base of and  alternate with the calyx lobes, (4) distinct gynophore and (5) enlarged stigma. While  in typical Gentianella represented by section Amarella, the flower buds are small and terete, a laciniate corona is usually present, and the calyx-lobes are leafy, lanceolate, imbricate, and not provided with intracalyx membrane.       Besides the morphological characters mentioned above, the anatomical structure of  the floral parts is also a significant generic criterion.  In Gentianopsis, eight vascular  bundles are present in calyx, representing four dorsals and four fused ventrals.  In each  corolla-lobe there are five bundles.  In the body of ovary six bundles are present.  The ovule bearing surface is extensive covering nearly to entire surface of the ovary wall with  the exception of a narrow longitudinal zone along the dorsal bundle.  In Gentianella, calyx bundles are three in each lobe, without fusion of the ventrals.  In each corolla- lobe, the bundles are three instead of five as in Gentianopsis but the lateral ones branch once dichotomously after entering the base of corolla. In the body of ovary only four main bundles are present due to the fusion of smaller ventral ones.  The placentation is confined to the region of the ventral bundles.        Phylogenetically Gentianopsis and Gentianella may be regarded as closely reIated and may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. In Gentianella the number of bundles in the corolla segments and ovary wall are reduced by partial or complete fusion and the distribution of ovules is confined only to the region of the ventral bundles.  However, in the calyx of Gentianopsis there is fusion of ventral bundles, whereas the correspound- ing bundles in the Gentianella remain separate.  The Gentianopsis-Gentianella line on the one hand and the Gentiana line on the other may come again from a common acestral stock.  Gentiana possesses only three bundles in each corolla-lobe.  A variety of plicate between corolla lobes except in case of Gentiana lutea and intracalyx membrane above the throat of calyx-tube are also the common structures in Gentiana.  Thus the pollination mechanism is highly specialized in the genus.  As far as we know, in Gentiana the glandular appendages usually exist at the base of ovary.  If those nectarial processes are correctly interpreted as the representatives of staminodes, gentiana would, undoubtedly, be derived from an ancestral  form with  hypogynous  diplostemonous androecium, and bears no direct relationship to Gentianopsis or Gentianella in which the glands are epipetalous.  It may be reasonable to conclude the Gentiana and Gentianopsis- Gentianella line are two parallel derivatives from a common ancestor which has the floral characters of two series of hypogynous stamens. Gentianopsis and Gentianella may represent branches of a common line with Gentianopsis standing at a lower level, Gentianella being more advanced. Their relations may be diagrammed below:                                                       Gentianopsis                                                                                                                               Gentianella Common ancestor                                                       Gentiana        This new genus consists of fourteen species and two varieties in the world.  Onlyeight species and two varieties are represented in China. They are G. barbara, G. barbatavar. sinensis, G. grandis, G. scabromanginata, G. paludosa, G. nana, G. longistyla,G. lutea, G. contorta, and G. contorta var. Wui.     The species of present genus occur in the alpine regions of North Hemisphere.  InChina t,hey are distributed in Kokonor, Kansu, Shensi, Shansi, Chahar, Hopei, Manchuria,Hupeh, Szechuan, Sikang, Tibet, and Yunnan. G. Yabei (Takeda et Hara) is foundin Japan, G. detonsa (Bott&) in North Europe, G. ciliata (Linn.) in South Europe,G. crinita (Froel.) G. procera (Holm.) and G. degans (A. Nels) in North America.G. barbata is the most widespreading species and reported in Sibiria and China.G. contorta (Royle) is a common plant in Himalayan mountaineous range, China andNorth part of India.     The species and varieties cited in this paper are as follows:           t.  Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) comb. nov.           la. Gentianopsis barbata (Froel.) var. sinensis, var. nov.          2.  Gentian opsis grandis (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          3.  Gentianopsis scabromarginata (H. Sm.) comb. nov.          4.  Gcntianopsis paludosa (Munro) comb. nov.          5.  Gentianopsis nana sp. nov.          6.  Gentianopsis longistyla, sp. nov.          7.  Gentianopsis lutea, sp. nov.     

马兜铃科的地理分布及其系统

马兜铃科基本是一个热带科。  东亚的横断山至华南一带是其原始分布与分化中心，热带美洲是其次生分布与分化中心。科的形态演化趋势是花被由分化的双被到不分化的单被，由分离到合生，由杯状到管状；雄蕊由多数到少数，由分离到与雌蕊结合成为合蕊柱；于房由半下位到完全下位；果实由蓇葖状蒴果到蒴果。马兜铃科分2亚科4族6属。     

浙江产7种菝葜的染色体研究

本文报道浙江产菝葜属smilax 7个种的染色体数目和核型。S．nipponica有两种核型，2n＝   26和2n=32，均为3B型，但后一种细胞型的雄株的第一对染色体大小不等，可能为性染色体；S.   riparia 2n=30，属3B型；S．siebodii n＝16；S. china有两个染色体数目，2n＝96 和n＝15；   S. davidiana 2n=32，属3B型，对减数分裂MI的观察发现n＝16；S．glabra 2n=32，亦属3B   型：S. nervo-marginata var．liukiuensis 2n=32，属3C型。讨论了种间在核型上的差异、属的基数、   核型演化趋势和性染色体等问题。     

四川金佛山藓类植物区系的研究

通过半个世纪以来对金佛山近2000号藓类植物标本的鉴定，现确定金佛山藓类植物有40科，133   属和245种(包括4亚种、9变种和1变型)。其区系成分以东亚成分为主(33．77％)，其次为温带成分   (28．57％)及热带、亚热带成分(24．68％)。文内还全面分析了金佛山藓类植物区系及我国南北8个山区藓   类植物区系之间的关系，用排序方法统计它们之间的相似性与非相似性系数，并着重就金佛山藓类植物区  系的过渡性特点作了探讨，提出在该山区与其邻近地区，存在一个苔藓植物东亚特有属的分布中心。     

南海北部早第三纪涠洲组孢粉组合

 本文是北部湾东北部、雷州半岛、涠洲岛及海南岛北部十几口钻井中涠洲组 孢粉工作的总结。在涠洲组中共见113种孢粉类型，其中大部分为欧亚及北美 第三纪、尤其是渐新世孢粉区系成分，同时也出现加里曼丹岛渐新世-早中新世 区系的一些重要分子。这表明沉积时期本地区与加里曼丹岛有陆地相通或在地 理位置上较今日为近，植物能相互迁移。  印度第三纪孢粉区系与涠洲组区系相 似性拉少，仅出现少数相似类型(水蕨孢子、松科花粉)，说明虽然自印度次大陆 与欧亚大陆相遇后，这两地区的植物有了相互迁移的可能，但是直到渐新世，这 种迁移的规模还是很有限的，迁移到印度的植物所产生孢粉类型在印度发展的 高峰可能较欧亚大陆为晚。 从孢粉所反映的生态条件看，陆生及淡水植物多，而海产植物(如红树林)及 藻类很少。这说明当时北部湾可能为陆地，与雷州半岛等地连成一个内陆凹陷。 大量温带及山地针叶植物花粉及少量热带低地植物花粉的出现表明本地区附近 曾有大面积山地。    从孢粉组合上看，涠洲组形成的时代为渐新世。     

中国水锦树属的初步研究(续)

This paper presenta a brief introduction to the taxonomy and geographic distribu- tion of the genus Wendlandia.       The genus Wendlandia in tribe Rondeletieae of the family Rubiaceae was proposed by Bartling in 1830. There are now more than ninety species throughout the world. It is distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical Asia. Thirty species, ten subspecies and three varieties are recorded in the paper. Among these, nine species, two subspecies and one variety are new. They are distributed mainly in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong, Xizang and Taiwan Provinces. Only one species, namely W. longidens (Hance) Hutch. Extends northward to Hubei and Sichuan.       The classification of the genus in this paper is based on Cowan's system. It is divided into four series mainly by their stigmatic and staminal characters, namely Euexsertae, Subinclusae, Montigenae and Clavigerae. The first two series are each subdivided according to the stipule feature into two subseries, designated as Cuspidatae, Orbiculares, Tinctoriae and Paniculatae.       From the distribution patterns of the genus in the flora of China, we may understand:       1.  The genus has the most species in China, where is its distribution centre, and Yurnan is the province richest in species of the genus.       2.  There are twenty-one species, five subspecies and three varieties endemic to China. Most of these endemics have their distributional area confined to a single province, and some of them are confined to an even narrower district, with only a few of them extending beyond province boundaries.       3.  The series Subinclusae Cowan has the most species not only in China but also in other regions of the world, whereas the series Montigenae Cowan has fewer species and they are all restricted to China.       The new species, new subspecies and the new varieties described in this paper are as follows: W. brevipaniculata W. C. Chen, W..villosa W. C. Chen, W. tinctoria  (Roxb.) DC. subsp. affinis How, W. laxa S. K. Wu, W. uvariifolia Hance subsp. pilosa W. C. Chen, W. guangdongensis W. C. Chen, W. parviflora W. C. Chen, W. scabra Kurz var. pilitera How, W. pubigera W. C. Chen, W. jingdongensis W. C. Chen, W. brevituba Chun et Howand W. oligantha W. C. Chen.     

四川宝兴地区几种豆科植物的染色体

 Meiosis and/or mitosis of six species  of  Fabaceae  (Leguminosae)  from Baoxing County,  Sichuan,  China,  were investigated.  The voucher specimens are con- served in PE. Eight pairs (n=8) and 10 chiasmata in meiosis of pollen mother cells have been observed in Medicago lupulina L. (Pl. 1,  A-C).  Meiotic observation on pollen mother cells in Lotus tenuis W. et K. shows 6 bivalents (n=6) in MI and 9 chias- mata in diakinesis (Pl. 1,  D-E).  In this species 12 somatic chromosomes (2n=12) in anther wall cells have also been observed. The chromosomal formula may be expressed as 2n=12=8m+2sm+2smSAT (Pl. 1,  F-G). In pollen mother cells of Vicia tetrasperma (L.) Schreb.,  7 bivalents in MI and 7 chromosomes in A II have been observed (Pl. 2, A-B). From A II (Pl. 2,  B,  the inset on the right) the chromosomal formula,  n=7= 2m+2sm+lstSAT+2t,  may be constructed. Only three chromosomes in this karyotype may be found to have counterparts in the one reported by Srivastava (1963),  which shows striking differences between these two karyotypes.  Meiotic MI shows 7 pairs (n=7) in Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray. Vicia sativa L. is very variable in its chromosomes. Our observation shows 6 pairs (n=6) in MI and in diakinesis in pollen mother cells. In Vicia villosa Roth,  all the previous chromosome reports are 2n=14 or n=7,  but the result of our work shows that somatic chromosomes are 2n=12 in anther wall cells  (Pl. 3,  D,  E). The karyotype in our material (Pl. 3,  E) is that the longest pair of chro- mosomes are metacentric, the pairs 2-4 are terminal, 5 are metacentric and last pair are submetacentric,  differing vastly from the idiogram (Pl. 3,  F) presented by Yama- moto (1973). Therefore both the chromosome number and structure in our material are greatly different from those in all the previous reports.      The evolutionary trends of chromosomes in the genus Vicia is discussed in the work.  Srivastava (1963) holds that the primitive basic number of chromosome in the genus is 6 and thus both 5 and 7 are derived.  The present author would propose ano- ther possibility that 7 is the original basic number and the other numbers are derived ones.  First,  as shown in Table 1,  x=7 occurs in 47 per cent of species in the genus, but 6 only in 28 per cent.  Secondly,  x=7 is predominant in the perennial and primitive section Cracca.  Thirdly,  in genera related to the genus under consideration,  such as Lens,  Pisum and Lathyrus,  x=7 is also the predominant basic number.  Fourthly,  ac- cording to Raven (1975) 7 is the primitive basic number in the angiosperms and x= 7,  8 and 9 are the predominant in the angiosperms.     

“低等”金缕梅类植物的起源和散布

本文根据植物类群的系统发育和地理分布相统一的原理,讨论了“低等”金缕梅类植物的起 源和散布。  “低等”金缕梅类植物(Endress1989a的概念)包括下列7科：昆栏树科、水青树科、连香 树科、折扇叶科、领春木科、悬铃木科和金缕梅科。  该类群共有13种分布区类型,东亚区的南部和 印度支那区的北部是它的现代分布中心;根据化石证据及原始类群和外类群的分布分析,以上地区最 有可能是这类植物的起源地。  “低等”金缕梅类植物起源的时间至少可追溯到早白垩纪巴列姆期,较可 靠的化石证据说明悬铃木类植物在早白垩纪阿尔必晚期出现,而昆栏树科、水青树科、连香树科和金 缕梅科植物的出现均不晚于晚白垩纪。  最后,从环境变迁和生物演化两个方面探讨了“低等”金缕梅类植物现代分布格局的形成原因。     

中国裸子植物分布区的研究(1)——松科植物的地理分布

 松科是裸子植物中最大的科，共有10属，约240种。我国有9属，约119种，其中2属     为我国特有属，67种为特有种。  本文概述了我国松科各属的水平分布和垂直分布规律；对各     属分布区进行了对比分析。除油杉属和松属外，其余各属的分布，既不深入到极为干旱的地     区，也不深入到热带山区。本文提出川西滇北地区是松科大部分属的发展中心，同时讨论了某     些属的分布区的退却变化。本文还认为，在目前该科化石资料不十分充足的条件下，要确定松    科及其各属的起源中心，可能性是不大的。     

Thyroidal regulation of substrate kinetics properties of cytochrome oxidase in rat liver mitochondria

Effects of thyroidectomy (T_x) and subsequent treatment with 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine (T₃), and combined treatment (T_R) with T₃ + thyroxine (T₄) on substrate kinetics properties of cytochrome oxidase of rat liver mitochondria were examined. T_x resulted in lowering of cytochromes content with decrease in the enzyme activity, and K_m and V_max. T₃ and T_R regimens restored the cytochromes contents and the V_max values to normal. In control, T₃ and T_R groups the enzyme activity resolved in two kinetic components; in T_x group three kinetic components were evident. The K_m values for all components decreased significantly in the experimental groups with concomitant increase in catalytic efficiency, K_cat/K_m. Significant alterations in the contents of total phospholipid and of cholesterol were noted while the changes in the phospholipids composition were only of restricted nature. Regression analysis revealed that total phospholipid, cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine play significant role in fine tuning the enzyme activity.     

铃兰族(广义)花粉形态与叶表皮特征的研究

对铃兰族(广义)7个属分别作了花粉(17种)扫描电镜观察和叶表皮(12种)的光学显微镜和 扫描电镜观察。花粉可分为8个类型。在狭义的铃兰族的4个属内，花粉全为远极单槽，舟状。它们 的外壁除夏须草属外，都具细孔。夏须草属的花粉外壁则为细皱。  Hutchinson(1934)的蜘蛛抱蛋族 花粉形态变异很大，其中开口箭属和万年青属的花粉为远极单槽，舟形，外壁具穿孔或网纹，而蜘蛛抱 蛋属的花粉则为球状，无萌发孔。其间的显著差异支持Nakai为前两个属建立万年青族(Rohdeae)。 表1归纳了7个属的花粉形态；图1是我们对铃兰族(广义)花粉形态演化的见解。叶表皮观察表明，气 孔器为无规则型，上表皮角质层主要为条纹加厚，或均匀加厚，而铃兰属的角质层秕糠状加厚。7个属的叶表皮特征归纳于表2。     

Effect of fangchinoline on oxidant status in male albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

BackgroundDiabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by defects in insulin production and activity. During disease progression, changes in lipid peroxidation cause structural modifications via production of free radicals. Fangchinoline is a well-known alkaloid present in Stephaniae tetrandrine S. Moore, which has demonstrated antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.ResultsThe present study analyzed the anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects of fangchinoline in male rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Rats were divided into the following groups: normal control, diabetic, diabetic + fangchinoline 100 mg/kg, diabetic + fangchinoline 200 mg/kg and diabetic + glibenclamide 600 µg/kg. The treatment was administered orally for 45 consecutive days. Lipid peroxidation was substantially increased by >50% in the serum, as well as the liver, kidney, and heart tissues of diabetic rats. However, fangchinoline supplementation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation to near normal levels. Reactive oxygen species levels were substantially increased by >500% in the serum, as well as the liver, kidney, and heart tissues of diabetic rats. Fangchinoline supplementation reduced reactive oxygen species to near normal levels. Fangchinoline supplementation significantly improved superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels in diabetic rats. Total hexoses, sialic acid, hexosamines, and fucose were increased in diabetic rats, whereas fangchinoline supplementation significantly reduced these total hexoses, sialic acid, hexosamines, and fucose to near normal levelsConclusionsSupplementation with fangchinoline led to significant attenuation of the levels of lipid peroxidation, ROS, and glycoprotein components such as total hexoses, hexosamines, sialic acid, and fucose, while improving antioxidant marker levels.How to cite: Xia J, Huang W, Zhou F. Effect of fangchinoline on oxidant status in male albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Electron J Biotechnol 2021;53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2021.07.005     

一个原始的兰科新属进兰属(Tangtsinia)及其在系统发育上的意义

   Tangtsinia* S. C. Chen, a monotypic genus, is discovered in southeastern Szechuan in China.  It possesses a rather ordinary monocotyledonous habit, namely with a short rhizome, non-thickend annual stem with scattered, spiral-arranged leaves and a terminal inflorescence.  Its habit somewhat similar to that of some very  primitive  genera,  viz. Apostasia, Tropidia, Cephalanthera and Selenipedilum, is  of much  morphological and phylogenetic interest.      The primitive and significant floral features consist chiefly in the erect, hardly twisted flower with nearly regular perianth and a unilocular ovary, in the column composed of a terminal stigma and five small projections, in an erect anther with four naked pollinia, and in the absence of the rostellum.  Of special interest is the occurrence of five small projections in the upper part of the column, and this is, however, a unique instance in the family, including the Apostasieae.  Among the five projections three are larger and opposite to the petals respectively.  Of these the two lateral ones bear a strong resem- blance in texture to the two auricles in the Orchideae and some members of the Limo- dorinae, which P. Vermeulen considered not as staminodia, but as appendages of the single fertile stamen as usually seen in Allium.  In the case of Tangtsinia, there exists the third projection which, being situated in the front of the column and thus opposite to the median petal  (lip), shows no difference both in appearance and texture from the other two.  These three projections are at equal distance  around  the  terminal  stigma.   In view of these facts they can be no other organ than staminodia, representing the three stamens of the inner whorl. And the other two smaller projections are also staminodia which together with the single fertile stamen represent the outer whorl of three stamens. Now it is safe to say that the two auricles existing in Cephalanthera, Epipactis and the Orchideae are, in fact, also staminodia, representing the two lateral stamens of the in- ner whorl.  In consequence, there is fairly good reason to believe that the column in Orchidaceae has developed from the union of six stamens and a central style, and this is in agreement with the conclusion drawn by Swamy from vascular anatomy of orchid flowers.  Furthermore it is also an interesting fact that the pollen grains in this genus, like those of Cephalanthera, Pogonia (sensu stricto), Aphyllorchis and some species of the Vanillinae, are single, while in the vast majority of the Orchidoideae they are united into tetrads.  This feature, as well as the texture of pollen grains, is of considerable significance in the classification and phylogeny of Orchidaceae.      On the basis of its morphological characters mentioned above, the present genus is evidently one of the most primitive types in the  subfamily  Orchidoideae.   It bears a strong resemblance both in habit and floral features to Cephalanthera, especially C. falcata (Thunb.) Bl. The relationship between these two genera is apparently much closer to each other than to any of other existing primitive orchids.  In addition, the similarity in some of significant floral characters between Tangtsinia and the saprophytic Aphyllorchis, especi- ally in the nearly regular perianth and a subterminal stigma  of  A. simplex  Tang  et Wang, indicates their close relationship.  It is  quite possible  that  Cephalanthera  and Aphyllorchis are derived from Tangtsinia or Tangtsinia-like  ancestor.  Thus, Tangtsinia is here placed as the most primitive genus in the  Limodorinae.  Furthermore  this  new genus likewise shows more or less close affinity to Neottia, probably through N. gaudis- sarti Hand.-Mzt., in which the flowers consist of nearly regular perianth and a very primitive column with a terminal stigma and without the rostellum.  On the other hand, in comparing Tangtsinia with the Apostasieae, there occurs also some similarity, but a closer investigation of their ovaries, perianthes, stigmas and some other features indicates that there is little evidence of close or direct relationship  between these  two  taxa, al- though both are the ancestral types in this large family. The probable relationships be- tween Tangtsinia and its allies may be diagrammed as follows:      With regard to the pollination, Tangiorchis is found to be self-pollinated. In the great majority of cases, its flowers do not open at all, and none of which has been seen to be visited by any insects.  It is interesting to note that in almost all nearly faded flowers examined by the writer the bases of the pollinia together with the base of the anther have become attached to the stigma of the same flower,  and  thus  self-pollination has taken place.  This type of pollination might be comparable with that of Cephalanthera dama- sonia Druce.      Finally the writer should say something about its geographical distribution. This mo- notypic genus is confined to Gin-fu-shan (Mt. Gin-fu) and its adjacent region in Nan- chuan District of southeastern Szechuan, where it occurs at scattered points within an area of no more than 250 square km. at an altitude between 700-2100 m. In view of its mor- phology, pollination and geographical distribution, Tangtsinia might be an ancestral relic of the family Orchidaceae and would give a possible clue as to the origin of this complicatedfamily.     

Vertical microbubble column–A photonic lab-on-chip for cultivation and online analysis of yeast cell cultures

This paper presents a vertically positioned microfluidic system made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and glass, which can be applied as a microbubble column (μBC) for biotechnological screening in suspension. In this μBC, microbubbles are produced in a cultivation chamber through an integrated nozzle structure. Thus, homogeneous suspension of biomass is achieved in the cultivation chamber without requiring additional mixing elements. Moreover, blockage due to produced carbon dioxide by the microorganisms—a problem predominant in common, horizontally positioned microbioreactors (MBRs)—is avoided, as the gas bubbles are released by buoyancy at the upper part of the microsystem. The patterned PDMS layer is based on an optimized two-lithographic process. Since the naturally hydrophobic PDMS causes problems for the sufficient production of microbubbles, a method based on polyelectrolyte multilayers is applied in order to allow continuous hydrophilization of the already bonded PDMS-glass-system. The μBC comprises various microelements, including stabilization of temperature, control of continuous bubble formation, and two optical configurations for measurement of optical density with two different sensitivities. In addition, the simple and robust application and handling of the μBC is achieved via a custom-made modular plug-in adapter. To validate the scalability from laboratory scale to microscale, and thus to demonstrate the successful application of the μBC as a screening instrument, a batch cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is performed in the μBC and compared to shake flask cultivation. Monitoring of the biomass growth in the μBC with the integrated online analytics resulted in a specific growth rate of 0.32 h⁻¹, which is almost identical to the one achieved in the shake flask cultivation (0.31 h⁻¹). Therefore, the validity of the μBC as an alternative screening tool compared to other conventional laboratory scale systems in bioprocess development is proven. In addition, vertically positioned microbioreactors show high potential in comparison to conventional screening tools, since they allow for high density of integrated online analytics and therefore minimize time and cost for screening and guarantee improved control and analysis of cultivation parameters.