Virtual Organization: Toward a Theory of Societal Transformation Stimulated by Information Technology,by A. Mowshowitz. Westport,CT: Quorum Books, 2002. xiii + 264 pp. $49.95. ISBN 1-56720-501-1.

Abstract

Australia's treatment of information technology (IT) has vacillated between two policy directions: laissez faire, market directed strategy on the one hand, and strong government interventionist, plan directed strategy on the other. The resultant policy mix is more a collection of individual initiatives than a coherent strategy. It produces conflict between initiatives aimed at developing indigenous information industries and those improving the productivity and competitiveness of all industry by encouraging the wider application of IT. Unlike its East Asian neighbors, Australia does not have a powerful, independent economic planning agency capable of creating and implementing industrial and technology policy. Policies must be developed through the give and take of a democratic political process, a process that can lead to fragmented, uncoordinated policies based on bureaucratic inertia, the demands of special interest groups, and short‐term political considerations, rather than long‐term strategic plans. The future of IT policy in Australia will depend upon the kinds of consensus that can be achieved on the role of IT in economic development. It will also depend on the government's skill in implementing policy and on the reactions of the private sector to whatever policies emerge.     

Patterns of co-alignment in information-intensive organizations: business performance through integration strategies

Information technology (IT) has transformed business practices in the last several decades: operations, product strategies, distribution, and customer service have become increasingly dependent on IT. Moreover, IT has changed its orientation from that of pure operational utility in the 1960s and 1970s to that of a competitive weapon in the 1990s and today. These phenomena have affected the way modern organizations are managed, as well as the way IT affects the strategic activities of an organization's value-chain.In particular, aligning an organization's business and IT strategies in order to deliver higher business performance presupposes a strategic business opportunity to which information systems technology is integral. In other words, Strategic Alignment between business and IT can have a positive business impact only if we see an organization's IT components as parts of a well-integrated organizational system. If business strategy is viewed separately from IT strategy or IT strategy is viewed only as a “support” tool, then there is little likelihood that the above positive impact of strategic alignment can take place.This research suggests, develops and tests a strategic co-alignment model by examining three types of integration that impact the planning process and the overall performance of information-intensive organizations: technological integration (TI), functional integration and strategic integration (SI).The results of this research yield some useful set of guidelines for theory building for IS, as well as for the business practice aspect of IS: most interesting is the role of consistency (co-alignment) between an organization's business and strategic information systems plans to improve overall firm performance. Other recommendations include having a high degree of involvement of IS executives in corporate planning, the use of outsourcing services to promote organizational systems integration, and the importance of internal coordination mechanisms to facilitate both systems consistency and lower transaction costs. Finally, this study has employed cluster analysis and discriminant analysis to interpret the research findings.     

我国创业板上市公司的专利行为研究——以信息技术业为例

选取我国创业板信息技术业的77家上市公司为研究对象,分别对其地域分布现状、专利申请状况、发明专利授权状况、国际专利申请行为以及技术演进进行分析。研究显示,信息技术业正处于发展期,上市公司集中于北京、广东、上海以及江浙一带地区,专利申请数量逐年提高且申请类型以发明专利为主,专利授权率逐步提高,国际专利申请行为与企业国际化战略密切相关,技术演进与社会发展紧密联系。     

Turning loose the invisible hand: New Zealand's information technology policy

Abstract

Information technology (IT) policy in New Zealand has closely paralleled the broader economic policies that have prevailed in the country. Until the mid‐1980s, economic policy was inwardly oriented, marked by high trade barriers and heavy government regulation. In 1984, the Labor government responded to a balance of payments crisis with a radical program of economic liberalization. By the end of the decade, this process had fundamentally altered the New Zealand economy through deregulation, privatization, and public sector reform.

IT policy likewise moved from protectionism and centralized control to almost pure laissez faire. Tariffs on computer hardware were lowered from 40% to 10%. Government computing was moved from a central data processing bureau and placed under the control of individual departments. In terms of IT production, the government has refused to provide any significant incentives or subsidies to the fledgling software industry, feeling the industry should succeed or fail on its own.

Under laissez faire policies, New Zealand has become a heavy user of IT, ranking behind only Japan in the Asia‐Pacific region for IT spending as a percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). It has also had some success as a producer and exporter of software. However, the hands‐off approach to the industry is likely to prove problematic in an international environment in which many countries have explicit strategies to improve their infrastructure for IT production and/or directly subsidize the industry. New Zealand is unlikely to become a hardware producer, but it has a number of endowments favoring software production, particularly its well‐educated, English‐speaking workforce. However, it faces obstacles, such as a small domestic market, distance from international markets, and a shortage of venture capital. Although software may be a potential growth industry in the ailing New Zealand economy, it is unclear whether the industry can thrive without at least some government support. Even the government now seems to be considering this possibility, and is considering the creation of an IT unit within the Ministry of Commerce.     

东莞电子信息产业创新体系研究

国际金融危机使电子信息产业成为重灾区.2009年东莞电子信息产业比2008年下降超过11%,加强东莞电子信息产业创新体系建设是突出重围、顺利实现转型升级的重要举措.东莞应建设服务和引导型的产业管理体制,建立健全产业创新平台,建设良好的融资环境、多元化的融资手段,构筑全方位的产业人才支撑,使东莞电子信息产业实现可持续发展.     

The Employment of German Scientists in Australia after World War II

Soon after the end of World War II the Australian Government brought scientists of defeated Germany to Australia. They were to work in government institutions and private industry to contribute their expertise to improving Australian science and to improving Australia's industrial efficiency. The Allied powers occupying Germany were engaged in a scramble to appropriate German expertise for the next phase of the arms race. The Australian Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens Scheme (ESTEA) instead channeled its personnel to basic science and industrial research. The personnel were part human reparations, part invited experts. This curious scheme offers insight into attitudes towards industrial regeneration in a previous era, and the importance of context in shaping attempts to alter existing scientific and industrial cultures.     

一种区域大数据产业发展战略形成方法及实例研究

提出一种区域大数据产业发展战略的形成方法,该方法分为大数据产业属性分析、大数据产业战略基础分析和大数据产业战略定位分析3个分析步骤。提出大数据产业的业态构成、产业特性。在大数据产业战略基础分析、大数据产业战略定位分析2个步骤中以湖南大数据产业的发展战略为例作实例研究,提出湖南大数据产业的发展目标、发展原则和产业布局,进一步向湖南省政府提出工作建议。     

韩锋,张永庆

随着全球创新网络及知识经济迅速发展,研发产业作为一种战略性新型产业,对于产业结构升级转型具有重要作用.研发产业集聚及产业空间布局演进过程具有其特殊性的内在机理和外在作用机制,对于区域经济发展及地理空间的演变发挥着重要作用,其演化路径及作用机理分析对于深化研发产业性质特征、演化动力、空间集散形态及产业融合具有重要意义,其空间集聚分析对于丰富空间经济学及新经济地理学内涵与外延的研究具有一定的推动意义和现实参鉴价值.从文献回顾、研发产业的空间形态及表现、研发产业集聚的动力因素、研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的演化路径及作用机理分析等方面阐述研发集聚重构区域空间内容,结合欧美日等发达国家的研发产业集聚案例及实证分析系统说明研发集聚的技术创新能力及空间辐射影响力.最后通过研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的演化路径和研发产业集聚导致区域地理实体空间结构的变化及区域指向的变更、研发产业集散的时空过程导致产业资源的整合和空间重组、研发产业集聚加速区域创新能力提升及研发联盟的空间响应机制、研发产业集聚导致的集聚经济和外部经济加速空间溢出效应形成等4个方面,系统分析研发产业集聚对于区域空间重构的作用机理.     

区域人工智能产业发展战略研究

我国国家层面2017年已经出台人工智能产业发展的规划计划文件,部分经济发达省市迅速出台了规划计划文件响应,然而,有关区域人工智能产业发展战略的研究甚少,尚未形成系统理论。在进行国内外研究与产业政策现状分析后,分析了人工智能产业的基本理论,凝练了人工智能产业的产业特点、产业关联关系、产业构成和发展所需的基础条件。提出了区域人工智能产业发展战略的构成要素,认为应由“三发一划一策”(即发展定位、发展目标、发展方向、规划计划、扶持政策)构成,给出了每个构成要素的内容及推导方法。以湖南省为例,详细剖析了该区域的人工智能产业现状,提出了该区域的产业发展战略,并提出了针对湖南省发展人工智能产业的系列政策建议。     

The influence of inter-firm IT governance strategies on relational performance: The moderation effect of information technology ambidexterity

How to create value from information technology (IT) in multi-firm situations has attracted the notice of both researchers and practitioners. However, as a critical factor to enhance relational performance, the inter-firm IT governance strategy has not been sufficiently studied. Based on the contractual and relational governance literature, this paper presents two inter-firm IT governance strategies, namely, balancing (focusing on achieving a close match between the relational and contractual governance) and complementing (focusing on creating synergy between the relational and contractual governance) governance strategies. Using data collected from 200 firms, we examined the relationship between these two governance strategies and relational performance. Furthermore, we studied the influence of a contingent factor, IT ambidexterity (simultaneous pursuit of IT flexibility and IT standardization) on this value generation process. Our results indicate that both inter-firm IT governance strategies, but especially the balancing strategy, can help increase relational performance, and IT ambidexterity also can influence the choice of governance strategies of focal firms. Specifically, focal firms with low IT ambidexterity prefer using a balancing governance strategy rather than a complementing governance strategy. On the other hand, focal firms with high IT ambidexterity can reduce or mitigate the risks of unbalancing strategy (such as the contractual-dominant or relational-dominant governance strategy), and then enhance the synergy effects of contractual and relational governance. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.     

我国产业集群的战略发展分析

我国自20世纪80年代在东南沿海地区逐渐出现产业集聚现象以来,产业集群（集聚）现象越来越普遍。90年代以来,国内学者对产业集群的研究也越来越多。本文在此背景下,首先介绍产业集群的内涵界定,并从三个层面对我国产业集群发展的战略政策进行分析,以给相关政策提出一定的借鉴建议。     

京津冀IT产业大集群战略模式创新研究

京津冀IT产业条块分割、配置不均的格局严重地影响了中国经济第三增长级的快速发展。分析了京津冀IT产业大集群模式产生的背景和原因,并由此界定了京津冀IT产业大集群模式,依据钻石模型分析了京津冀采用大集群战略发展IT产业的可行性,运用因子分析法系统分析了我国三大IT产业集群区的产业发展状况,明晰了影响京津冀IT产业集群发展的关键要素,提出了IT产业竞争优势理论模型并据此探求了IT产业发展的动力机制。最后,针对京津冀IT产业大集群战略给出了发展路径、策略与详尽的政策建议。     

基于AHP-SWOT模型的台湾产业创新发展战略分析及对福建的启示

分析台湾形成强竞争力的产业创新战略,为福建实施创新驱动发展战略提供决策参考。结合宏观环境分析(PEST)、德尔菲法、层次分析（AHP）和态势分析（SWOT）等方法,增加SWOT量化步骤,构建台湾产业创新发展战略的AHP-SWOT量化模型;在对台湾产业创新发展环境分析基础上确定关键战略因素,并计算因素力度和相对重要性、构建战略判断矩阵。结果表明：台湾产业创新发展战略中,海峡两岸产业创新发展的显著互补优势是最大优势条件,海峡两岸经济融合发展战略则是最大机遇;最优策略为利用海峡两岸产业发展互补优势,抓住我国实施融合发展战略和新兴科学技术对台湾产业创新发展带来的机遇。并提出福建要加强科技研发的生产要素投入、加强与台湾科学园区和台企的合作、进一步探索闽台合作新模式等建议。     

Exploring CO2 mitigation pathway of local industries using a regional-based system dynamics model

Low-carbon development based on low energy consumption, low pollution and low emissions has become an important strategic choice for worldwide governments to achieve sustainable development. In order to support smart government in decision making, information systems have been developed to monitor and predict CO₂ emissions. Most of the existing studies investigate CO₂ emission amounts, identify influencing factors of CO₂ emission and discuss potential suggestions to mitigate CO₂ emission for different industries. They often focus on CO₂ emission research of industries in a region or country, while the integration of carbon flow in the neighboring regions is not well studied. Therefore, this paper proposes a system dynamics model to explore an optimal carbon emission reduction path of a regional industry by integrating regional differences, i.e., industrial comparative advantages, technology advantages and the inter-regional context between the neighboring regions. In the case study, we use a key industry in a typical industrial region of Western China, the cement industry in Chongqing, as a scenario to simulate the CO₂ emission, possible energy demand and cement production of the cement industry in this region for recent years. Simulation results show that by leveraging the regional differences, especially the collaboration of the industrial chain and production capacity among regions, the cement industry in Chongqing can achieve the low-carbon target. In addition, through the analysis and discussions about the features of our model and Chongqing’s cement industry, it reflects that our model using regional differences is applicable to industries with a common demand market at the regional level such as energy, chemical and steel industries.     

“一带一路”建设与我国区域发展战略的关系研究

"一带一路"建设是我国全方位对外开放的总体方略,是我国长期和顶层的国家战略。"四大板块"是"十一五"以来我国的区域发展总体战略,而京津冀协同发展和长江经济带是近年来中央提出的新的区域发展战略。文章在阐明"一带一路"战略的核心内涵及区域影响的基础上,重点从战略功能、空间影响、相互作用方式等方面深入分析和论述了"一带一路"建设与"四大板块"区域发展总体战略、京津冀协同发展战略和长江经济带开放开发战略的逻辑关系和相互作用机制;在此基础上提出了"一带一路"建设背景下我国区域发展战略的重点以及进一步完善我国区域发展战略的政策建议。     

产业集聚与FDI技术溢出及其门槛效应研究——基于非线性面板平滑转换回归模型的分析

构建吸收能力与技术溢出的整合框架,探析基于吸收能力门槛的高新技术产业集聚与FDI技术溢出机制;收集中国高技术产业2000-2016年30个省市的面板数据,运用非线性面板平滑转换模型,测度产业集聚与FDI溢出效应大小,检验并测算其各自的吸收能力门槛效应及其区域异质性。研究发现：(1)产业集聚的溢出效应大于FDI的溢出效应;(2)追赶企业与内资企业的吸收能力跨越特定门槛,才能有效利用产业集聚与FDI技术溢出;(3)研发经费与研发人员引致的吸收能力门槛存在区域异质性。在此基础上,提出提升区域高新技术企业吸收能力、促进并利用技术溢出的有效政策建议。     

高技术企业研发效率与IT效率的关系*

探讨高科技企业信息技术（IT）投入效率与研发效率的相关性及其交互机理和协同障碍,以我国生物制药行业43家大型上市企业为实证研究对象,基于公开的企业年报数据开展相关分析,并以其他43家生物制药中小型上市企业相关数据作为补充验证。结果表明,我国大型生物制药上市企业的信息技术投入效率和研发效率均存在较大提升空间,其中,研发效率但信息技术效率偏低的企业应进一步提升信息技术投资效率和治理能力,而信息技术效率较高但研发效率较低的企业需要重视如何依托信息技术投入效率和治理能力优势进一步提高研发产出。     

基于生态位适宜度的区域创新生态系统与产业协同集聚研究

运用生态位适宜度模型测算我国30个省市2010-2018年区域创新生态系统的适宜度,采用系统GMM和中介效应分析方法,实证研究区域创新生态系统适宜度对生产性服务业与制造业协同集聚的创新驱动影响.研究表明,我国区域创新生态系统生态位适宜度呈现区域不平衡特征.区域创新生态系统的生态位适宜度越高,越有助于促进产业协同集聚.技...     

杂交构树产业扶贫实践与成效

杂交构树易种植、门槛低，贫困农户种植杂交构树当年就可以获得收益，平均每亩年收益3 000多元。5年来，在国务院扶贫开发领导小组办公室的大力推动下，以中国科学院核心科技为支撑，杂交构树扶贫试点工程扶贫效果明显：累计推广种植面积达100余万亩，带贫模式多样，惠及20多万贫困人口，为打赢脱贫攻坚战贡献了力量。通过统筹夯实杂交构树全产业链的科技创新，强化产业化落地科技支撑服务体系，加大产业部门的协同互动和政策支持力度，重点实施"林-料-畜"一体化战略，可为我国畜牧业高质量发展、脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴作出更大贡献。     

Improving the yield of Anoectochilus roxburghii by Bacillus licheniformis cultured in Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater

BackgroundThere is a large amount of industrial wastewater produced by the mushroom industry during the canning processing each year, which could provide abundant carbon, nitrogen and inorganic salts for microbial growth. The aim of this study was to optimize the culture conditions for Bacillus licheniformis cultured in the Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater to produce the agricultural microbial fertilizer.ResultsIn this work, the maximal biomass of B. licheniformis could be obtained under the following culture conditions: 33.7°C, pH 7.0, 221 rpm shaking speed, 0.5% wastewater, 2 (v:v, %) inoculum dose, loading liquid of 60 mL/250 mL and a culture time of 24 h, and the average experimental value obtained was 1.35 ± 0.04 × 10⁹ Obj/mL, which was within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted model (1.29–1.38 × 10⁹ Obj/mL), and met the national microbial fertilizers' standard in China. Furthermore, the field experiment results showed that the fermentation broth of B. licheniformis could significantly improve the yield of Anoectochilus roxburghii.ConclusionsAgaricus bisporus industrial wastewater can be used to produce agricultural microbial fertilizer.How to cite: Huang J, Huang A, Lu L, et al. Improving the yield of Anoectochilus roxburghii by Bacillus licheniformis cultured in Agaricus bisporus industrial wastewater. Electron J Biotechnol 2020;48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.08.002.