Telecommunication Basic Research: An Uncertain Future for the Bell Legacy

The Bell Labs of decades ago was well recognized as a national treasure for its pioneering innovations and its creation of new knowledge. However, the breakup of the Bell System that occurred in 1984 resulted in considerable change for research and development in telecommunication. This paper reviews that history and, in anticipation of continuing uncertainty and a possible impending crisis, examines possible options for the future to assure leadership by the United States in basic research in telecommunication.     

The Dilemmas of External Earnings in Public Sector Scientific Research

Governments in a number of developed countries have repositioned their public research agencies to support economic objectives and to alleviate fiscal pressures. This has been accomplished through various strategies, including private-public partnerships and purchaser-provider arrangements. In the 1980s, the Australian Government introduced external earnings targets of up to 30% per annum for its public research agencies, as a means of strengthening their responsiveness to national economic needs. A case study of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization is presented in this article to discuss the impacts of the external earnings policy. Impacts on the type of research being undertaken by public research agencies, the quality of public research-industry relationships, the nature of scientists' work and the role of stakeholders are considered. A number of dilemmas are raised relating to the role of public scientific research.     

国家科研体制建设与研究型大学发展

研究型大学的发展离不开适宜的国家科研体制,借鉴美国等西方发达国家经验,从确立我国研究型大学的基础研究主力军地位,以及明确研究型大学和政府科研机构、产业界的分工与合作等方面,探讨我国政府应如何改革和完善促进研究型大学发展的国家科研体制。     

The Crisis of communication: Videotext,the internet and innovation in France and the United States

This article compares videotext in France and the United States, the two advanced industrialized countries where videotext was the most and least successful, respectively, in order to demonstrate how videotext as a techno-political project foreshadows the explosive growth of the Internet as the dominant global communications platform. It draws upon the theory of network effects, in combination with a comparative analysis of both the institutional settings for research and development and political discourse, to explain how the interaction between state, market, and culture shaped network development and policy outcomes. Data are drawn primarily from official policy documents and trade journals from the era.     

Engineering Organization and the Scientist in World War I: The Search for National Service and Recognition

Abstract

When the United States entered World War I in 1917, there was no elaborate framework for providing scientific advice to the government. Engineers and scientists struggled to find an appropriate mechanism, but the former found themselves subordinated to a scientific community which sought to dominate emerging structures. At stake was not merely the credit for helping win the war, but also an advantage in the coming postwar definition and expansion of industrial research. Scientific leaders sought advantage by making a distinction between ‘engineering research’ and engineering practice, and claiming jurisdiction over the former.     

社会保障与技术进步动态组合的经济发展驱动路径分析

采用DSEG理论分析框架建立了社会保障与技术创新、技术扩散的动力系统模型来研究其对中国经济增长与经济波动的影响。基于中国2000-2014年的经济数据对动力系统模型进行校准与数值模拟结果显示,模型能够较好地拟合目前的经济形势,解释力达到了81.76%,方差分解与IR分析结果表明,与社会保障冲击在短期内与引发的经济波动不同,技术创新技术扩散变量冲击能够在更大程度上并且持续地增加潜在的技术存量,从而,促使生产部门进行更多的研究与试验性发展投入,使得经济产出在更高水平上达到均衡。然而,社会保障对经济的影响效应体现在对其它经济变量的"传递"和"联动"方面。社会保障投入的正向冲击能够对就业、技术存量等具有正向的传递效应;而与工资的"联动性"能够对经济产出产生更大的提升作用,从而使得中国经济不断地达到新的更高均衡水平。     

Beyond deregulation: Designing the information infrastructure

Abstract

The United States and Japan lead the world in information technology. Yet they occupy opposite ends of the spectrum with respect to planning for the development of the information infrastructure—the central nervous system of a democratic society. While the Japanese expend great resources on centralized planning and monitoring the impact of the information society, United States officials are engaged in a mammoth deregulation exercise intended to dismantle government involvement in the competitive marketplace. While this policy may be appropriate for a period of technological innovation, it may be less efficacious in the period of consolidation, merger, and acquisition which usually follows.     

Community Participation in Australian Science and Technology Policy: The Case of Nanotechnology

Abstract

Nanotechnology is widely considered to offer enormous competitive advantages to those countries that possess the knowledge and capacity to harness its potential. As in many other countries, Australia’s nanotechnology policy is in its infancy and lags international research in the field. We examine the role of community engagement in the development of nanotechnology in Australia, and argue that if Australia is to establish a sustainable nanotechnology policy, then it must broaden its perspective and more carefully consider the social, ethical and environmental aspects of nanotechnology. We support the goal of shared economic growth through technological advancement; however, this seems unlikely as long as the Australian government persists with what is essentially a technical and socially exclusive approach to stimulating innovation in nanotechnology. While opposition to nanotechnology is still ‘thin on the ground’, it is starting to emerge and the Commonwealth and State governments would do well to treat it with respect.     

A review of literature and hypotheses on new technology-based firms

This paper examines the existing literature on new technology-based firms in an attempt to understand how such companies contribute to the vitality of an economy and to see which variables are critical in enabling them to do so. From recent research efforts, we have drawn together a set of hypotheses and organized them around four central questions: (1) What do new firms contribute to the economy? (2) What factors contribute to the success of such enterprises? (3) In what cultural contexts do new businesses succeed? and (4) Which government policies are effective in stimulating and supporting new companies? We found that existing studies suggest (1) that new technology-based firms contribute significantly to an economy in terms of exports, employment, taxes paid, research and development, and innovations; (2) that the founders of these new businesses tend to have a strong entrepreneurial heritage, a development- rather research-oriented background, and a high need to achieve and are young and highly educated; (3) that sector differences may be a more important influence on company location than are regional policies; and (4) that no one government program has proven itself to be more than marginally successful in stimulating industrial innovation.     

民族地区综合扶贫绩效评价方法及实证研究

国内外关于扶贫绩效评价的研究成果不少,但大部分研究把重点放在贫困的识别和贫困程度测定的方法层面,偏重于经济发展,对生态和谐、社会发展和可持续发展重视不够;对政府组织的反贫困政策和措施关注较多,对扶贫绩效评价研究不够。有必要设计一套能够综合地、完整地体现新时期民族地区可持续发展要求的包括经济、社会、环境、制度诸方面的评价指标体系,构建AHP—FCE组合评价模型,以国家级贫困村为样本,对综合扶贫的整体绩效进行了静态和动态评价,用数据说明综合扶贫的显著成效。在大力推进和谐新农村建设的新时期,要进一步创新扶贫方式,不断提高综合扶贫的整体效益。     

我国银行业竞争与银行效率关系研究

分析银行业竞争与银行效率的关系,微观层面上关系到银行经营管理水平的高低,宏观层面上关系到银行业外部的产业发展与经济增长。银行业竞争与银行效率关系研究涉及到三个问题:我国银行业处于什么样的竞争状态?银行业的效率如何?银行业的竞争对于效率有何影响?本文通过实证研究回答了上述问题。采用扩展的P-R模型测度了我国银行业2002～2009年的竞争程度,结论是我国银行业处于寡头垄断阶段;用DEA方法研究了我国银行业的效率,结果表明银行业效率尚未达到有效;用计量经济学模型研究了我国银行业竞争对效率的影响,发现我国银行业竞争能促进效率提高。在此基础上提出了有针对性的政策建议。     

新冠疫情下政府差异化复工复产路径研究

有序推进复工复产是降低新冠疫情影响的重要着力点,也是社会经济稳定发展的重要保障。然而,目前文献对复工复产背后多重因素间的复杂机理尚未开展深入研究。本文基于TOE框架,探究技术、组织和环境因素对地方政府复工复产的联动匹配效应。运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,以我国29个省级政府为案例进行组态分析,研究结果表明：（1）技术、组织和环境条件“多重并发”,形成驱动复工复产的五种组态,即复工复产的驱动路径具有“殊途同归”的特点;（2）相对其他条件而言,数字化基础设施对政府复工复产起到更为重要的作用;（3）在一定情形下,技术、组织与环境条件之间具有替代关系;（4）数字化管理能力、注意力分配和财政资源支持等条件的缺失是造成政府非高水平复工复产率的主要原因。研究丰富了复工复产的研究视角,有助于政府根据各自的资源禀赋和受疫情影响等具体情况,选择合理的复工复产路径,制定精准的复工复产政策,从而避免政策覆盖面广、“一刀切”等问题,找到政策落实的“共赢点”。     

R&D主体对区域经济绩效影响的门槛效应研究

采用2009-2015年中国31个省（市、区）的面板数据,从经济贡献率的视角对我国企业R&D活动的主体地位进行了再检验,并基于动态门槛面板数据模型分析了企业及政府两大R&D投入主体对区域经济的非线性差异性影响。研究认为,以R&D投入的经济绩效为评价标准,我国企业主体地位尚未真正建立;处于不同科技水平的地区,不同R&D主体的经济绩效存在差异：科技发展水平低于第一门槛时,政府R&D投入更利于促进区域经济;科技发展水平超过第一门槛时,企业才能显著促进区域经济发展;而科技水平超过第二门槛时,政府和企业对区域经济的带动效应趋于一致。我国现有研发活动中,政府和企业超过70%的R&D投入份额位于第二门槛之上,因此引导企业向中等科技发展水平地区的R&D投入,同时增大政府对科技落后地区R&D活动的扶持和补贴应成为我国科技政策的重要目标。     

科技服务业助推中国经济高质量发展的影响因素和优化路径研究 ——基于GRA模型与CRITIC权重法的综合分析

以五大发展理念为基本维度构建经济高质量发展指标体系,并从投入、环境、产出三个维度构建了科技服务业指标体系,采用2012—2019年的相关数据,运用GRA模型分析科技服务业助推经济高质量发展的影响因素,并基于CRITIC权重法构建科技服务业助推经济高质量发展的助推效应指数,探究科技服务业三个维度影响因素的助推效应及其变化趋势。研究结果表明,科技服务业各指标与经济高质量发展相关指标的关联性较强,科技服务业对经济高质量发展具有较好的助推作用;科技服务业对我国经济高质量发展的助推效应不断增强,同时综合助推效应指数的变化趋势与投入助推效应指数高度吻合,且投入助推效应指数是促进综合助推效应指数正向增长的核心指标,环境助推效应指数和产出助推效应指数是综合助推效应指数保持稳定变化的基础性指标。结合研究结论提出了进一步增强科技服务业助推我国经济高质量发展的能力和效应的优化路径。     

Australian Framework for the Commercialisation of University Scientific Research

Abstract

Australia spends proportionally more on university R&D, particularly when compared with business expenditure on R&D, than almost any other advanced economy, which suggests that creating the right environment to encourage the commercialisation of Australian university research results is vital if Australia is to obtain the best economic results from its investment. In this paper a meta‐analysis is used to review literature from various sources available on the broad environment in which university research commercialisation is conducted in Australia in order to identify the key components of the environment and where change may encourage or promote better commercialisation outcomes.     

Mapping and measuring the information society: A social science perspective on the opportunities,problems, and prospects of broadband Internet data in the United States

Abstract

There are concerns across government, industry, and academia over the inadequacies of data on broadband Internet connections. These inadequacies are important to consider because government policies and regulations, industry strategies, and scholarly research can be impacted by inaccurate or distorted data. Given that there are ongoing discussions about policy initiatives to improve these data, this article sets out to critically review publicly available data, identify important limitations of these data, and profile studies that have used these data successfully. In this review, the dynamic nature of broadband data will be discussed and the tradeoffs of pursuing further investments to create better databases evaluated. This evaluation suggests a more fruitful research path would be to recognize and work around existing data drawbacks, using the studies profiled in this article as examples, to explore a multitude of issues related to broadband availability, adoption, and use.     

江苏省产学研协同创新发展的动态模拟分析

通过分析各创新主体的职能,运用系统动力学方法对产学研协同创新实施情况进行实证仿真研究。动态仿真模拟发现:(1)增加政府对科技投入强度,增加企业、大学/科研院所开展产学研协同创新强度,均有利于实现各创新主体职能,但增加前者时,其效果更加明显;(2)在产学研协同创新资金投入中,政府依然是资金的主要来源;(3)江苏省区域产学研协同程度还比较低,需要进一步加强各创新主体的产学研协同创新意识。     

Revitalizing Communication and Information Policy Research

Abstract

The network model of organization plays a central role in recent sociological accounts of the information economy. This model is also often presented in organization and information and communication technologies (ICT) literature with an air of enthusiasm that underscores its advantages—flexibility, cooperative culture, innovativeness, and knowledge and technology intensity. Such themes are usually based on a “networking logic” that assumes the trustful cooperation of large and small production firms in a rapidly changing economic environment. We believe that both the logic and the themes based upon it are too narrow to be able to explain the complex dimensions of interorganizational networking. Using Enron as a case study, our goal in this article is to enrich the logic just described and to develop an extended model of the network enterprise. We argue that this is only possible by extending the unit of analysis beyond the production firm, to include, among others, subsidiaries, banks, investors, auditors, and government agencies. The proposed extended model allows the broadening of many of the aforementioned themes, making it possible to arrive at a realistic picture of the complexities of the network enterprise. The managerial advantages of the model are also discussed.     

基于S曲线的新能源汽车产业技术发展的“要素-结构-功能-成本”协同创新研究

基于S曲线对中国、美国、日本、韩国等国新能源汽车产业技术发展阶段进行了分析,全球新能源汽车产业处于高速发展阶段,日本新能源汽车产业发展目前处于成熟阶段,尤其是以日本为代表的新能源汽车产业早在2000年前便已进入成长阶段。依据S曲线发展的萌芽期、成长期、成熟期将新能源汽车产业技术发展阶段分为“要素-结构-功能-成本”四个阶段并进行了分析,并针对各个阶段提出了政府、企业、高校（科研机构）、金融、中介、国外等的多主体协同创新战略,以期为新能源汽车产业及其它战略性新兴产业发展阶段提供发展对策与建议。     

政府在社会组织评估中作用的思考

社会组织的快速发展使得对社会组织的评估显得日益重要起来。在社会组织评估中政府应该发挥怎样的作用成为各方关注的问题。本文以德国、菲律宾、美国和中国香港的案例分析为基础,根据政府在社会组织评估中参与程度将评估模式分为政府完全参与型、部分参与型、不参与型三种类型,并提出中国评估模式的建立,可能会由政府完全参与型为开始,其他类型逐步普及并完善。