Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing,by Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press, 2002. viii + 172 pp. $24.95. ISBN 0-262-13398-9.

Recent developments in technology have transformed the telephone from an exclusively interpersonal medium to an interactive electronic mass medium. The diffusion of innovations framework was applied to examine whether adoption of audiotext and 1–900 services is related to use of functionally similar entertainment media. Findings suggest that adoption of audio information services was more powerfully explained by media use patterns than demographics.     

The Consequences of Information: Institutional Implications of Technological Change,by Jannis Kallinikos. Cheltenham,UK: Edward Elgar, 2006. $35.00 paper/$95.00 cloth. ISBN 978-1-84720-500-1 paper/978-1-84542-328-5 cloth

Abstract

The U.S. Department of Agriculture has been mandated to “acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with agriculture in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word. …” With this authority the department has taken advantage of continuing advances of communications and computer technologies by initiating several programs related to the electronic dissemination of agricultural information. For example, the Foreign Agricultural Service has begun testing the release of agricultural trade leads through the University of Nebraska's AGNET computer‐based network. The Agricultural Marketing Service disseminates updated market data on more than 150 farm commodities over its leased wire market news network; the system has 140 terminals linked by some 14,500 miles of leased wires. Additional projects described in the article include a pilot project to deliver market news information to farmers via public television, programs testing the electronic marketing of livestock, and the electronic mail network operated by the department's Office of Governmental and Public Affairs.     

分段线性拉伸法在土地利用调查中的应用研究

通过目视解译方式,利用SPOT5数据进行土地利用调查,地类光谱的可区分性在很大程度上决定着应用的精度水平。实验以浙江省桐乡市龙翔街道SPOT5影像为例,以土地利用变更调查为目的,通过针对土地利用类型的光谱分析,提出了基于地类光谱特性分析的分段线性拉伸方法;同时利用同期航测数据,对应用效果做了定量分析。结果表明:采用此方法,对于光谱接近易混淆的地类,不仅可以增强地类界限清晰度,而且地类面积提取精度也可提高3.5%左右。     

Technological competition and patent strategy: Protecting innovation,preempting rivals and defending the freedom to operate

Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, we examine the effect of technological competition over a patent on the firm's choice of patenting strategy. We claim that technological competition makes the traditional strategy of protecting focal innovations from imitation less likely and increases the likelihood of a play strategy — i.e. using patents to avoid the risk of hold-up by other patent owners, or as a bargaining chip in litigation and cross-licensing. However, we claim also that technological competition over a target close to the firm's core technology should lead to use of a fence strategy i.e. to blocking the commercial endeavors of rivals and preempting substitute inventions. We find support for our hypotheses using data from a large-scale survey of European patent applications.     

企业技术创新项目若干问题的探讨——基于绍兴纺织企业的调查研究

基于对绍兴纺织企业的调研,依次对外部经济环境、技术创新的现状和创新项目风险管理等问题进行了探讨,为相关问题的深入研究提供背景知识.     

Digital Images for the Information Professional,by Melissa M. Terras. Burlington,VT: Ashgate, 2008. 245 pp. $114.95 cloth. ISBN 978-0-7546-4860-4 (cloth)

Privacy has largely been equated with every individual's right to privacy. Accordingly, current efforts to protect privacy on the Internet have sought anonymity by breaking, where possible, links with personally identifiable information (PII)—all uses of aggregated data stripped of PII are considered legitimate. This article argues that we need to use a broader concept, general or group identifying information (GII), because even aggregated data stripped of PII violate privacy at the community level. The search engine companies, or anyone else with access to their log files, can use these data to generate a moment-by-moment view of what is on the collective mind. Such a view can be used in a variety of ways, some with deep economic and even political impact. In order to frame this discussion, it is necessary to examine some of the realities of the search engine-mediated associative interface to the World Wide Web. While this interface has enormous benefits for the networked world, it also fundamentally changes a number of issues underlying various current debates about Internet governance.     

Gender Scripts and the Internet: The Design and Use of Amsterdam's Digital City,by Els Rommes. Enschede,The Netherlands: Twente University Press, 2002. 304 pp. 24.00. ISBN 9-0365-1774-5

This article seeks to address how religion fits into the larger domain of Internet studies and why studies of religion within computer-mediated communication (CMC) need to be given more attention. An argument is made for the need to take religion online more seriously, not just because it is an interesting phenomenon or a popular use of the Internet, but also because religion continues to be an important part of contemporary life for many people. A summary of the growth and development of religion online is presented along with an overview of how religion has been approached and studied on the Internet. This review shows what CMC studies of religion might offer in approaching research questions related to authority, identity construction, and community online. It calls for recognition of the contribution, and possibilities that underrepresented areas within interdisciplinary research, like religion, might offer Internet studies as a whole.     

Government science in postwar America: Henry A. Wallace, Edward U. Condon, and the transformation of the National Bureau of Standards, 1945-1951

In the fall of 1945, Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace handpicked Edward Condon, a respected theoretical physicist, to become director of the National Bureau of Standards. Already regarded by many academic and industrial scientists as a second-rate research institution, the Bureau had deteriorated further during the Great Depression. An ardent New Dealer who favored government action to prevent anticompetitive behavior in the marketplace, Wallace claimed that giant corporations leveraged their extensive patent holdings and research capabilities to manipulate markets and restrict competition at the expense of smaller firms without similar resources. Through a revitalized Bureau of Standards, Wallace intended to mitigate monopolistic behavior among large companies by transforming the Department of Commerce into an effective clearinghouse for scientific research that would stimulate technological innovation in small businesses. The Bureau's postwar expansion, however, foundered on congressional efforts to dismantle the legacies of the New Deal, Condon's lack of commitment to the technical requirements of the small business community, and the intense competition for resources within an institutionally pluralist federal research establishment dominated by the exigencies of the Cold War. Without sufficient financial support from congressional appropriations committees, Condon turned to the military to fund new research programs at the Bureau of Standards. These programs, however, owed their institutional growth to the demands of the national security state, not to the fading influence of Henry Wallace's New Deal liberalism.     

Diffusion of News of the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001

We report findings here from an audience survey in New Mexico of the diffusion of a spectacular news event, the terrorist attacks on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. This news event was perceived as very salient, and it diffused rapidly. The first terrorist attack occurred at 6:45 am (New Mexico time); within three hours almost all respondents had heard about the news event. Individuals reacted to this news in an emotional way, with many respondents praying, participating in a memorial event for the victims, contributing money and donating blood. The terrorist attacks also evoked a strong sense of patriotism. Compared to the news events studied in 52 previous investigations, the September 11 terrorist attacks caused stronger, and more emotional, audience reactions.     

人力资本、岗位特征、工作绩效与科技人员收入差距

收入差距问题是目前社会的热点问题,也是学术界一直关注的焦点问题.基于一项针对某行业科技人员的大规模调查数据,对科技人员收入差距问题展开研究,结果如下:(1)通过基尼系数发现,垄断行业内科技人员收入相对平均.(2)最优尺度回归表明,人力资本、岗位特征对于科技人员收入差距具有显著性影响,但工作绩效对于科技人员平均月工资收入没有影响,地域对于科技人员收入差距影响最大,其次是工作层级,接下来才是职称等人力资本因素.(3)多重对应分析直观的显示出人力资本与岗位特征在科技人员收入上具有交互作用.     

分维度能力双元性与技术创新模式间的异质性关系研究

将企业能力双元性区分为组合维度和相对技术维度,并引入突破式和渐进式2种技术创新模式,建立分维度双元能力对2种技术创新模式影响的研究模型。来自我国31个省、自治区、直辖市(不包括港澳台地区)303套双份调研问卷的实证检验肯定了分维度能力双元性对于2种技术创新模式的异质性影响:组合维度同时促进突破式创新和渐进式创新,且对前者的影响更强;相对技术维度以倒U型方式影响突破式创新,却与渐进式创新之间呈U型关系。     

Impact of the phlebotomy training based on CLSI/NCCLS H03-A6 - procedures for the collection of diagnostic blood specimens by venipuncture.

Introduction:

The activities involving phlebotomy, a critical task for obtaining diagnostic blood samples, are poorly studied as regards the major sources of errors and the procedures related to laboratory quality control. The aim of this study was to verify the compliance with CLSI documents of clinical laboratories from South America and to assess whether teaching phlebotomists to follow the exact procedure for blood collection by venipuncture from CLSI/NCCLS H03-A6 - Procedures for the Collection of Diagnostic Blood Specimens by Venipuncture might improve the quality of the process.

Materials and methods:

A survey was sent by mail to 3674 laboratories from South America to verify the use of CLSI documents. Thirty skilled phlebotomists were trained with the CLSI H03-A6 document to perform venipuncture procedures for a period of 20 consecutive working days. The overall performances of the phlebotomists were further compared before and after the training program.

Results:

2622 from 2781 laboratories that did answer our survey used CLSI documents to standardize their procedures and process. The phlebotomists’ training for 20 days before our evaluation completely eliminated non-conformity procedures for: i) incorrect friction of the forearm, during the cleaning of the venipuncture site to ease vein location; ii) incorrect sequence of vacuum tubes collection; and iii) inadequate mixing of the blood in primary vacuum tubes containing anticoagulants or clot activators. Unfortunately the CLSI H03-A6 document does not caution against both unsuitable tourniquet application time (i.e., for more than one minute) and inappropriate request to clench the fist repeatedly. These inadequate procedures were observed for all phlebotomists.

Conclusion:

We showed that strict observance of the CLSI H03-A6 document can remarkably improve quality, although the various steps for collecting diagnostic blood specimens are not a gold standard, since they may still permit errors. Tourniquet application time and forearm clench should be verified by all quality laboratory managers in the services. Moreover, the procedure for collecting blood specimens should be revised to eliminate this source of laboratory variability and safeguard the quality.     

Cases on Global IT Applications and Management: Successes and Pitfalls,edited by F. B. Tan. Hershey,PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2002. x + 306 pp., ISBN 1-930708-16-5

Electronic markets are increasingly gaining scientific and economic attention. In order to realize their often postulated rationalization potential, a closer look into their organization is necessary. New institutional economics provides a body of theory well suited for this task. Transaction cost theory helps to understand why transactions are more often conducted via markets and why those markets require organization. Principal-agent theory explains future (dis-)intermediation structures in electronic markets. Finally, property rights theory helps to understand why a certain level of market intransparency will remain in electronic markets.     

主导企业在突破性变革时期的技术投资与技术能力

突破性技术变革的频率正在不断加快，而主导企业在技术范式的转换过程中却经常绩效下滑甚至被新进入企业替代。借助最近影像产业发生的数码技术突破性变革，本研究通过定性分析揭示了创造性破坏的过程．从技术投资和技术能力两个角度考察了主导企业适应技术变革的方式，强调指出综合考虑多个视角对研究技术变革带来的竞争含义的重要性。     

滨海盐碱地利用变化与优化研究——以黄骅市“台田-浅池”模式为例

土地利用变化与优化配置的综合研究是土地科学和可持续发展的重要议题,我国滨海盐碱地是重要的后备土地资源,研究其利用变化与优化对于缓解人地矛盾,改善生态环境和促进可持续发展具有战略意义。本文制定了滨海盐碱地盐化程度分级分类标准,提出了依据区域盐碱程度和耕层土壤全盐含量进行土地利用优化的对策和"台田-浅池"优化利用模式。黄骅1986年-2006年间土地利用变化剧烈,耕地增加14.31%,建设用地增长93.95﹪,未利用地减少23.07%。2006年,黄骅非盐碱耕地、轻度、中度、重度以上盐碱耕地分别占耕地面积的54.67%、27.01%、12.55%和5.77%。盐碱地开垦是黄骅耕地增长的主要方式。黄骅实施"台田-浅池"模式后,耕地面积降为28.7%,沼泽湿地和盐碱草地增加,可收到生态安全与生产高效的效果。研究成果可为滨海盐碱地资源的持续利用管理提供科学依据。     

网络关系、技术多元化与企业技术标准化能力

本研究基于国家重点产业专利信息服务平台与国家标准馆,以汽车产业1985年-2010年协作研发网络中所有3800家企业申请的专利及参与制定的技术标准为面板数据,实证分析我国汽车产业协作研发网络关系如何影响企业技术标准化能力。研究发现,企业在网络中的关系强度与关系广度均能正向影响企业技术标准化能力,关系广度比关系强度对企业技术标准化能力的影响更直接;技术多元化中介于网络关系对企业技术标准化能力的影响,企业的弱相关多元化中介于关系广度对技术标准化能力的影响,而关系强度则通过强相关多元化影响企业技术标准化能力;研究还发现,企业进行强相关多元化有利于其在技术标准制定中获得主导者优势,而进行弱相关多元化则更利于其成为技术标准制定的跟随者,获取更多领域标准制定的机会。     

技术多元化、标准化能力与企业创新绩效

本文通过我国汽车产业200家企业1996~2010年专利、标准与企业性质的面板数据,采用负二项随机效应回归模型,实证分析了相关和非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效之间的关系,并检验了技术标准化能力对二者间关系的影响。研究结果表明：相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效呈正相关,技术标准化能力显著负向调节二者之间的关系;非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效呈倒U型关系,技术标准化能力显著正向调节非相关技术多元化与企业技术创新绩效之间的正向关系。研究结论丰富了技术多元化与创新绩效关系的研究,为我国企业构建合理的技术多元化战略提供了理论指导。     

嵌入性-跨组织学习-技术创新之关系研究

运用文献分析与深度访谈调查的方法,探索网络嵌入性、跨组织学习与技术创新间的关系,在此基础上,提出三变量之间关系的概念模型,根据访谈研究的结果,进一步研究了检验该概念模型的校验模型,运用该校验模型可以对原概念模型的适应性进行校验,进一步验证模型的有效性。