Anton Ehrenzweig,the Artist Teacher and a Psychoanalytic Approach to School Art Education

In the 1960s Anton Ehrenzweig devised an experimental course for school art teachers based on his deep knowledge of British psychoanalytic theory, especially Melanie Klein’s ideas of projection and introjection. Ehrenzweig’s early advocacy for the idea of an artist teacher, which formed a key element of his Art Teachers Certificate course at Goldsmiths, could be seen as ahead of its time, anticipating some of the ideas and practices of the past couple of decades. However, his claim that good teachers use their pupils as a medium for the teacher’s own creativity raises ethical questions that still resonate today. In this article, I will draw out some comparisons between Ehrenzweig’s theories of creativity and art education, and recent writing on the artist teacher. I will consider ways in which Ehrenzweig’s development of Kleinian psychoanalytic theory can both complement and challenge current thinking about the merging and differentiation of artist, teacher and student identities.     

The history of education in the 1980s

ABSTRACT

This paper uses Basil Bernstein’s work on pedagogic discourses to examine a largely neglected facet of the history of vocational education – the liberal studies movement in English further education colleges. Initially, the paper discusses some of the competing conceptions of education, work and society which underpinned the rise and fall of the liberal studies movement – if indeed it can be described as such. The paper then draws on data from interviews with former liberal and general studies lecturers to focus on the ways in which different variants of liberal studies were, over time, implicated in inculcating certain forms of knowledge in vocational learners. Whilst it is acknowledged that liberal and general studies always represented contested territory and that it was highly variable both in terms of content and quality, the paper argues that, at least under certain circumstances, liberal studies provided young working-class people with the opportunity to locate their experiences of vocational learning within a critical framework that is largely absent from further education today. This, it is argued, can be conceptualised as an engagement with what Bernstein described as ‘powerful knowledge’.     

作为“位育”的通识教育:潘光旦的本土化视角

本文从通识教育本土化的问题出发,梳理了潘光旦在20世纪上半叶关于中国大学教育的反思以及作为这种反思的结果,即在中国展开通识教育的思想。潘光旦关于通识教育的目的、功能和方法等方面的主张,服从于其“中和位育”的核心社会学理论,对今天在中国大陆展开的通识教育实践活动依然具有有益的理论意义和参考价值。     

The Shaping of the Curriculum

Abstract

Curriculum design might appear to be a project for a pure educational theory. An example of such a theory is Paul Hirst's deduction of distinct forms of knowledge’ upon which rests his advocacy of the liberal curriculum’. Hirst's theory, though immune to many of the attacks that have been directed at it, fails to consider how (if at all) the structure of knowledge maps on to the structure of our mental (learning) faculties. The partitioning of the manifold of knowledge may correspond not at all to the optimum curricular partitioning of the teaching manifold. Further, as a curriculum proposal, Hirst's account needs to be underwritten by an account of the purpose of education. Accounts of the latter sort normally invoke considerations of a political nature. Such considerations, together with the influence of other forces, tend to pull curricula in directions which many educationalists regard as undesirable. Can pure educational theory reassert itself as the controlling force behind curriculum planning? I argue that there is little prospect of its so doing.     

The liberal arts college and humanist learning

What is liberal education? How do its aims differ from those of either grammar or vocational education? Does it truly deserve its own supporting institution? In response to these questions, Arcilla develops a defense of the liberal arts college. He observes that all projects of formal learning presuppose that the learner possesses answers to three fundamental, existential questions: What is one’s nature? What is the good for beings of this nature? What facilitates this good? We develop better responses to these questions by engaging in liberal learning. The mission of the liberal arts college, then, is first and foremost to support this learning. With this idea of liberal learning and its college in mind, we may nonetheless wonder whether the existential knowledge it seeks is really something that can be learned. Arcilla articulates a version of humanism that illuminates the conditions of possibility for liberal learning and affirms this learning’s intrinsic value. At the same time, this philosophical theory requires for its verification that we engage in liberal learning. Arcilla calls the symbiotic partnership formed by liberal learning and humanism “humanist learning,” and he points out that it is this learning, which is crucial to our other kinds of education, that would be lost if society ceased to support genuine colleges of the liberal arts.     

日本职业教育师资培养改革的新进展及其启示

20世纪90年代以来,日本职业教育师资培养进入了新的发展时期。改革的主要趋势一是适应社会发展的需要进行培养机构改革,设置教职研究生院培养职业教育师资;二是改革职业教育师资培养课程,进一步凸显"实践主义"取向;三是进一步完善职业教育师资的在职研修体系,促进职业教育师资的终身化发展。从日本职业教育师资培养的改革中我们可以得到许多有益启示。     

“劳动教育”与“职业教育”:概念辨析与路径探索

辨析"劳动教育"与"职业教育"概念对深化教育理论认识、改进教育实践、优化学科建设具有重要意义。通过梳理劳动教育的历史进程和概念演变发现,劳动教育与德育密切相关,能有效塑造人的劳动价值观、培养人的劳动技能;梳理职业教育的历史进程发现,职业教育可以归纳为一个动态发展的概念,同时,职业教育在促进生产和推动经济增长方面发挥了积极的作用。审视"劳动教育"与"职业教育"的发展轨迹和概念演变,发现"劳动教育"与"职业教育"之间存在"并列,重合,交叉,包含"四种关联,也存在教育实施的主体与对象、目的、内容、方法、条件、评价等六方面差异。新时代的"劳动教育"应在厘清与"职业教育"区别的基础上,通过重塑劳动与职业价值观,强化顶层设计,构建劳动教育与职业教育相融合的课程体系,确立多方联动的劳动育人机制等途径实施。     

Towards an Aesthetic Education? Rorty's Conception of Education

The ‘liberal utopia’ presented by Richard Rorty in Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity is a unique attempt to address the ancient problem of the relationship between individual and society or, in Rorty's terms, that between the private and the public. This article examines Rorty's influential conception of education and asks: can his book be regarded as utopian? Is it possible to establish an education for democracy on his ‘postmodern’ premises? I conclude that Rorty's attempt to separate private from public and to promote a fusion between irony and solidarity is tantamount to founding human existence on an aestheticising orientation. This entangles Rorty in self-contradiction and raises educational and political problems which remain unresolved.     

Cultivating Political Morality for Deliberative Citizens — Rawls and Callan Revisited

In this article, I will argue that the implementation of deliberative democracy needs to be supplemented by a specific political morality in order to cultivate free and equal citizens in exercising public reason for achieving a cooperative and inclusive liberal society. This cultivation of personality is literally an educational project with a robust ethical ambition, and hence, it reminds us the orthodox liberal problem concerning the relation between the state and its citizenship education. Following Callan’s reformulation of the political conception of the person, I will argue that Rawls’s political liberalism can accommodate the ethical demand of deliberative citizenship education. Liberal civic education should legitimately specify its own ethical endowments for active citizenship and need not shy away from making proposals on the cultivation of liberal character that might result in influencing individual’s conception of the good. Rawls’s theory thus redefines the state neutrality problem on education and paves the way for a framework of deliberative citizenship education.     

河北省高等职业教育改革发展中的问题和建议

今后一段时期,河北省面临新一轮的经济大发展,对技能人才的需求与日俱增,高等职业教育将对河北省的经济发展起到重要的支撑作用。总结河北省高等职业教育改革和发展的历程,分析改革发展中的问题,并提出解决的建议。     

The Historical Experience of Liberal Studies for Vocational Learners in Further Education

This paper revisits the liberal studies movement – an important if under-researched episode in the history of education. It examines the lived experience of a set of former vocational students, the great majority of whom eventually went on to teach in further and higher vocational education. All participants had undertaken a course of liberal studies alongside a programme of work-related learning at an English college of further education at some point between the mid-1960s and the late-1980s. The paper presents two key findings: first, whilst participants’ experiences were varied and uneven, most seemed quite agnostic about liberal studies in their youth; second, the great majority of those who took part in the research were substantially more positive about their learning in retrospect.     

民国中期成人女子职业教育研究

民国中期,由于政府的重视,革命根据地和国统区的成人女子职业教育得到了大力发展:表现为在教育政策与规章上颁布了一系列文件;教育目的强调培养职业女性;教育对象平民化;教育内容上重视德育;办学形式与办学类型多元化。在政府与职业教育家的努力下成人女子职业教育逐渐走向规范化、规模化。但与此同时,在成人女子职业教育中还存在专业设置受限、就业困难、受教育人数少等问题。     

高职教育中更应注重理工类学生"说"能力的培养

职业教育的一个突出的特点就是它的实用性，也就是它所培养的毕业生走上社会后能够很快地胜任工作，出色地完成本职工作，毕业生的学历 和能力固然重要，但还应有较好的口才，这样才能成功地推销自己，才能更好地开展工作，进行各个方面的沟通，所以高职院校必须开设语言课，不仅是科专业，理工科也要开设，而且更应注重“说”的能力的培养。     

高职院校班主任工作方法的研究

高职院校是中国教育体系中近几年建立起来的一种新型院校,它是培养技能型和应用型人才的摇篮。高职院校学生的特殊性给班主任工作提出了新的要求。如何根据高职院校的特点做好班主任工作,已成为高职院校教育工作者亟待探讨解决的问题。面对新时期高职教育的时代诉求,提出了班主任工作的基本方法,班主任在学生工作中的作用以及班主任工作的注意事项。     

Experimental science: Joseph Priestley’s influence in the infrastructure of the seventeenth-century science education

This paper discusses the emergence of science education in the seventeenth century with the influences of Joseph Priestley on the Dissenting Academies. Primarily, this paper analyses Priestley’s ideas from some of his letters to scientists during his time and his ideas from his books Miscellaneous Observations Relating to Education (1778) and the Essay on a Course of Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life (1765). As an expository essay, analysis shows that the inclusion of experimental science education dates back from the Dissenting Academies when they explicitly aligned science education for practical life. With Priestley’s advocacy on experimental learning in science, his idea of hands-on science education encouraged other dissenters to seek and understand the changing natural world. His advocacy states that knowledge and understanding of the natural world builds the foundation for rationally evaluating the developments derived from permissible scientific theories. Not setting aside religious studies, Priestley promoted a radical education which ended the restrictions to the privileged and powerful few so that it opened up the access of learning for everyone whose capacity may range from scientific, religious, political, or educational propensities.     

Mapping the typology of transition systems in a liberal market economy: the case of Canada

This research explores links between tertiary education institutions and between tertiary education and the labour market as determinants of provincial and national transition patterns in Canada. The study consists of a provincial analysis that maps the typology of transition systems across Canada’s devolved federated tertiary education structure. The results show that, nationally: the links between education and work are relatively loose aside from regulated occupations; there is an emphasis on general education; and qualifications are used as a screen for entry to the labour market. However, while Canada can be broadly understood as a liberal market economy, there is provincial diversity within the nation; and there are varying logics for the development of skill, deployment of labour, and relations between institutions. The institutional and policy frameworks, structure of jobs, and formation of skill in Canada’s largest provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec reveal diverse characteristics of transition systems. However, despite internal differentiation in the value of vocational education, variations at the provincial level have not been enough to shift the federal pattern as a whole. Instead, in Canada vocational education is generally stigmatised and viewed as signalling low ability and motivation.     

‘I really want to make a difference for these kids but it’s just too hard’: one Aboriginal teacher’s experiences of moving away,moving on and moving up

This paper draws on longitudinal data to examine the changing professional identity of one beginning teacher over a three-year period. Using a post-structuralist framework and theories of social class and capital, I highlight the complexities, contradictions and impossibilities of new graduate, Luke, sustaining an identity as ‘Aboriginal teacher’ in Australian schools. I trace the shift in his commitment to working with underachieving Aboriginal boys in challenging school contexts at the beginning of his career, to his move into a middle-class white girls’ school towards the end of his third year of teaching. I suggest this was a result of the ongoing stress associated with the expectation that he take sole responsibility for the education of the school’s Aboriginal students, as well as his own upward social class mobility. The paper concludes by raising a number of concerns for education systems, including the retention of Aboriginal teachers in Australian schools.     

英国职业教育课程多元化的特点及其启示

英国职业教育课程已形成了学习者组成、课程结构类型、学习目的、学习方式及课程合作方式均多元化的突出特点,这主要是缘于英国职业教育宽泛的定义、课程教学主体多元化、课程设置的充分自主权以及经济竞争与行业发展的要求等。职业教育课程的多元化也为英国社区与地方经济文化发展作出了巨大贡献,其职教课程多元化的理念值得我国借鉴。     

Public Reason and Child Rearing: What's a Liberal Parent to Do?

The ways in we raise and educate children can appear to be at odds with basic liberal values. Relationships between parents and children are unequal, parents routinely control children's behaviour in various ways, and they use their authority to shape children's beliefs and values. Whether and how such practices can be made to accord with liberal values presents a significant puzzle. In what follows I will look at a recent and sophisticated attempt to resolve these tensions offered by Matthew Clayton in his book Justice m Child Rearing in the context of general account of the proper limits of parental authority. I argue that Clayton is unsuccessful in ways that point to fundamental and pervasive questions about the place of liberal values in child rearing and education that remain unanswered.     

张澜教育实践与教育思想探讨

张澜是一位伟大的爱国主义者、著名的民主革命家、杰出的民盟创始人与领导者,是我国德高望重的国家领导人之一。他创办过小学、中学和大学,经历了长期的教育实践过程。他提出的民主办校,重视学术研究,普通教育与职业教育并举,严格教学管理,勇于实践,敢于改革,尊重人才,任贤用能等主张,对当时四川的教育界和思想界产生过深远的影响。当今,我们深入研究张澜的教育思想,对强化学校管理、推进学校教育教学改革具有重要的参考价值。