Education,employment and school religious denomination in Scotland in the 1950s

Newly available survey data allow the investigation of the educational and employment opportunities open to Roman Catholics in Scotland in the mid-20th century. Previous research has shown that Catholic disadvantage in education and the labour market in the early 20th century had weakened or vanished by the end of the century, and that the main change in that respect had come with the advent of comprehensive secondary schooling in the 1960s. However, the extension of Catholic secondary schooling started in the 1920s. The data used here allow an investigation of whether the Catholic disadvantage was mitigated by these earlier reforms, and thus allow an assessment of whether a selective school system was able to overcome an important dimension of social disadvantage. The data come from a cohort study of a representative sample of people born in 1936 (first surveyed in 1947 and followed up annually to 1963). Evidence is available on social background, on cognitive ability measured at age 11, on secondary school courses, on educational achievement after leaving school, and on social-class status at age 27. The conclusions are that the continued social disadvantage of Catholics was not due to any aspect of the school education which they had received.     

Theorising Inner-city Masculinities: 'Race', class,gender and education

Inner-city boys continue to be stereotypically associated with a range of social and educational 'problems', despite feminist calls for more nuanced and complex analyses to be undertaken of the racialised and classed aspects of masculinities. This article engages with the question of how to theorise diverse, working-class male pupils' masculinities within an inner-city, multicultural context. Data drawn from discussions with boys at one inner-city London school are used to illustrate the boys' complex constructions of 'culturally entangled' masculinities. Particular attention is given to the boys' constructions of 'bad boy' masculinities that are positioned in opposition to education and which we discuss in relation to themes of hegemony, patriarchy and racial/class inequalities.     

苏格兰中学创业教育

创业教育的目的是培养学生的创业能力,让他们能够在复杂的社会和经济环境下具有创业的态度、理念及技能。由于它能够促使年轻人更好地就业从而对国家的经济做出贡献,日渐受到人们的关注。本文主要介绍了苏格兰中学创业教育的定义、实施创业教育的原因、创业教育实施的状况和完善创业教育的主要措施,以期对我们有所启发。     

Inner‐city femininities and education: ‘race’, class,gender and schooling in young women’s lives

This paper considers how urban, ethnically diverse working class girls’ constructions of femininities mediate and shape their dis/engagement with education and schooling. We discuss how girls generated a sense of identity value/worth through practices such as ‘speaking my mind’—which prioritized notions of agency and visibility and resisted the symbolic violences associated with living social inequality. However, we argue that this strategy was inherently paradoxical because it countered dominant discourses of the normative (middle class) female pupil and hence resulted in drawing girls into conflict with schools—a position that many girls came to ‘regret’. We illustrate how the girls’ attempts at resistance and transgression were constrained by gender‐ and class‐based discourses around moral worth, as girls struggled to be recognized as ‘good underneath’ and attempted to ‘change’ over the course of the project and their final year/s of schooling (to ‘become good’). This process, we suggest, illustrates the implication of reflexivity in the production of gendered and classed identities and inequalities, and illuminates how an internalization of multiple discourses of authority and surveillance of the self is integral to the production of the working class female educational subject.     

Shaping landscape identity in Jewish state education during the 1950s to 1960s

This paper discusses the attempts of Israeli education, in a similar fashion to other national educational systems, to shape a territorial identity for the pupils of the new State. The Israeli school used a variety of educational means to shape a person who would be modelled on his new birthplace’s landscape, including the use of textbooks, illustrations, and maps, to aid in the process of creating a desired image of the homeland’s landscape. The hidden curriculum used textbooks employing mathematics questions to learn details about the geographical expanse. Alongside the use of a written curriculum, Israeli education made use of the extra curriculum by becoming physically familiar with a place and creating a local time based on the seasons of the year. Local nature was studied during moledet (homeland) lessons, similar to the Weimar Republic of Germany’s Heimatkunde studies, as well as during other subjects, such as nature studies and Bible. These studies integrated national goals and progressive humanistic educational schools of thought which viewed a child’s encounter with nature as a vital part of his or her education. The readers, which were built on a timeline of the seasons and the school celebrating nature festivals, created a natural time frame for the pupils in which they acted and studied. The discussion about the ways territorial identity was structured by the Israeli education system is another chapter in the wider debate about national education and illustrates the schools’ function as one of the State’s national social agents, particularly in its early years.     

New era or old times: class,gender and education 1

This paper argues that past debates concerning class influences on education in the UK were inadequate because they disregarded girls' and womens' values and life patterns. New analytic frameworks involving a synthesis of gender, class and other social formations are needed to develop an understanding about how changing patterns of wealth and poverty and/or recent British educational reforms have affected student learning and life‐chances; and therefore how inequalities may be challenged. The paper draws on a range of sources including a recent study of the impact of recent British education policy changes on gender relations in schools.     

论20世纪50年代沧源佤族的社会转型

20世纪50年代，沧源佤族地区已进入早期封建领主制，但仍保留着原始社会残余和奴隶社会因素。中共云南省委根据边疆少数民族的特殊情况，创造性地采取“直接过渡”的方式，直接向社会主义社会过渡。这一社会转型符合沦源落后的社会经济状态。它在理论和实践方面都取得了突破，但也存在着经济发展缓慢等问题。认真研究这一社会转型，探讨其发展缓慢的缘由，不仅对进一步肯定“直过”的成果有一定的意义，而且对今后沧源的建设和发展也有一定的借鉴作用。     

Social justice,race and class in education in England: competing perspectives

‘Narrowing the gap’ and addressing low educational achievement of specific social class and ethnic groups has long been an expressed government concern. This paper considers the links between poverty, ethnicity and gender and school attainment and the interrelations of these factors using national data sets and other quantitative data. The limitations of single-theme analyses and their potentially misleading implications are explored. Related to this, the failures of social and educational policies to bring about greater equality are examined. Competing perspectives on low attainment and their positions are critiqued. The paper argues that ethnic and class discrimination stems from the same structural arrangements contrived for the advantage of more affluent sectors of society. Theoretical development is needed to bring together class, race and other discriminatory features and construct more sophisticated causal analyses that relate to the web of economic, status and power regimes and the negative processes of ‘racialisation’.     

Dissonant futures: occupational trajectories,gender and class in contemporary municipal adult education in Sweden

The aim of this article is to problematize the ways class and gender are played out in adult students’ narratives about their occupational choice and future. Drawing on Beverly Skeggs, we analyse how students think about future occupations, what motivates them towards these and how they are able to form their future in relation to them. Taking on Sweden as a case, our results show that students’ narratives on their future occupations are classed as well as gendered. In their vision of future occupations, working-class students tend to focus on occupations helping and caring for others, while middle-class students tend to focus on work more as a means of fulfilling themselves as individuals. These differences are also gendered. Female students are more likely than their male counterparts to picture their future occupations in relation to having children and a family. This tells us that in the female students’ narratives, there tends to be a strong focus on caring – for their families as well as in future occupations.     

Smart girls traversing assemblages of gender and class in Australian secondary mathematics classrooms

I examine experiences of former Australian schoolgirls in relation to mathematics during secondary school. This research scrutinises misunderstandings about success and impact on subject choice that can result in post-schooling trajectories that limit what girls can do in their lives beyond school. I examine ways affective relationality, as a sense of embodied belonging, may influence participation in subjects. I frame the discussion using the Baradian concept of intra-action, a co-production that engages an ethic of non-coincidence. For these participants, a reductive high-stakes testing environment and aspirations to become a master subject evoke a powerful not good enough assemblage. The responsibility to achieve enough success incites a soliciting of a particular self in affective regulation. The dread of not excelling in mathematics was often too much to endure thus participants chose to discontinue studying mathematics. They understood this as a sensible solution to prevent vulnerability, as not good enough.     

In search of the new engineer: gender,age, and social class in information about engineering education

ABSTRACT

It is widely argued that engineering education needs to change in order to attract new groups of students and provide students with knowledge appropriate for the future society. In this paper we, therefore, investigate and analyse Swedish universities’ websites, focusing on what characteristics are brought to the fore as important for tomorrow’s engineers. The data consist of text and pictures/photos from nine different Engineering Mechanics programme websites. Using a critical discourse analysis approach, we identify three societal discourses concerning ‘technological progression’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘neoliberal ideals’, evident in the websites. These discourses make certain engineering identities possible, that we have labelled: traditional, contemporary, responsible, and self-made engineer. Our analysis shows that universities’ efforts to diversify students’ participation in engineering education simultaneously reveal stereotypical norms concerning gender and age. We also argue that strong neoliberal notions about the self-made engineer can derail awareness of a gendered, classed, and racialized society.     

二十世纪五、六十年代词汇体系性讨论述评

切实解决词汇体系性问题，对词汇学的进一步研究很重要，本全面回顾了我国上个世纪五六十年代对词汇体系性问题进行的探讨，认为这场讨论基本局限于理论方面，所提出的观点还值得人们进一步研究。     

德育活动课在中等职业教育中的实施与效应

德育活动课不仅是中职学校教学活动中的重要组成部分,而且是向学生进行思想教育、道德教育和健康教育的重要渠道.更是中职学校开展德育工作的重要阵地.因此,在中等职业学校德育活动课中,我们可以开展多种形式的活动教学,形成全方位、多层次的德育渠道,增强活动道德教育的实效性.本文结合教学实际,就如何实施德育活动课及产生的效应进行了研究.     

Social and communicational skills in upper secondary vocational education and training

This article presents the methodology used by the Finnish Education Evaluation Council in the national evaluation of social and communication skills in vocational education and training. The evaluation concentrates on key competences such as learning-to-learn skills, communication skills, social skills and entrepreneurship （Implementation of Education and Stringfellow, 2005; Recommendation of the European Training 2010, 2004; Winterton, Delemare-Le Deist ＆ Parliament and of the Council of December 18, 2006 on key competencies for lifelong leaming, 2006）. The evaluation focuses particularly on skills required in the labour market. These competences are included in all vocational study programmes as a part of accompanying with other key competences. The authors＇ approach follows the principles of developmental and participative evaluation, applying the Common Quality Assurance Framework （CQAF） model, which has been accepted by the European Commission for the quality management and quality assurance framework for vocational education and training in Europe. Additional methods such as interview and statistical data gathering were used to acquire comprehensive data and ensure extensive participation of each partner involved has key competences. The evaluation material was collected from vocational education and training providers by sector （n=8） and by qualification （n=53）. Every sector and type of examination was included in the evaluation. The evaluation was based on a sample （n=130）. The evaluation data were collected from multiple sources by using multiple methods. The material included written self-evaluation reports by vocational education and training providers （n=130 which equals 95% of VET providers）, quantitative information, interviews organized by the National Board of Education and an evaluation seminar for providers as focus groups. Educational administrators, teachers, students, employers and workplace instructors participated in the self-evaluation of the vocational education and training establishments （multi-professional evaluation）.     

Sex differences in education: exploring children’s gender identity

Abstract

Gender stereotypes associate mathematics and sciences with boys, whereas reading and writing are typically associated with girls. This study investigated sex differences in primary school children’s motivation (confidence and value) across four academic subjects (maths, science, reading and writing) and examined how their identification with stereotypical masculine and feminine traits related to their motivation in these subjects. Five hundred and thirty-two children (aged 9–11, 52% boys), from five UK schools participated. Sex differences in reading and writing motivation were wider than sex differences found in maths and science motivation. Interestingly, the extent to which children identified with feminine traits was a stronger predictor of their reading and writing motivation than their sex. Gender identity provides an innovative approach to the study of sex differences; it challenges the dichotomy inherent within sex differences research and can lead to a more critical and nuanced understanding of sex differences in education.     

Outdoor education in Scotland

Abstract

Although Scotland is part of the United Kingdom it has a distinct cultural identity and a separate education and legal system. These factors, which have influenced the development of outdoor education, are likely to have an even greater impact in the future following the re-establishment (after a break of almost 300 years since 1707) of a Scottish Parliament in 1999.

Scotland was one of the first countries in the world to formalise outdoor education. This was the result of a combination of factors:

• ? Geophysical and climatic factors together with landholding and land-use practices established in the 18th Century have ensured that much of Highland Scotland is depopulated and devoid of forests; leading to the perception that the area is a “wilderness” and therefore attractive for outdoor recreation.

• ? Exploration for political, economic and scientific reasons in the second half of the millennium, which both led to and developed from Britain's empire, stimulated a national taste for adventure as expressed in seafaring, mountaineering and polar exploration.

• ? Growth in wealth, mobility and leisure-time in the late 19th and 20th Centuries provided the means by which many more people could engage in their own, more modest adventures, leading to the development of stylised forms of outdoor activities in the UK.

Consequently the landscape and surrounding seas of Scotland have long presented challenges for outdoor recreation, and post-war development of outdoor education fitted quite naturally into this physical and social landscape.

In the 1960s and 1970s outdoor education (often formalised as physical outdoor activities and based on a residential experience) was extensively developed in Scotland and was of international significance. In recent years, primarily as a result of political effects, provision has been in some decline; a trend markedly at odds with the concurrent rapid growth in outdoor recreation. A shift away from public provision through the education service seems to be countered by growth in “charitable” and “private sector” provision, especially in the case of residential outdoor education centres.

Some concerns are raised about possible future trends, and the argument made that educational theory should be taken into account in the design of programmes which focus on personal and social education; or which capitalise on the learning potential of the landscape to encourage cultural awareness and principles of sustainability, which are seen as having both local and global significance.     

Objective bees in psychological bonnets: intelligence testing and selection for secondary education in Scotland between the wars

If there is one thing on which historians of psychology, and in particular of intelligence testing, are agreed, it is the contribution made to the history of mental measurement by Scots — or at least those working in Scotland. The impact of this work on selection for secondary education, however, was limited: in spite of apparently favourable circumstances, Scotland was even slower than England to accept what was regarded as one of the ‘progressive’ ideas of the time.     

1950年代-1960年代的台湾留美学生

台湾的留美学生是中国近代留学运动中的一部分。当时包括公教人员的进修、军官的培训,此类人员属短期性质,与学位无关。此外大多为学生赴美,分为自费、公费两类,都要参加“教育部”主办的留学考试。公费生通过留学考试以后,还要参加教育部门的讲习会,了解中国各方面情况,以便以后在国外作中外文化交流之用,还要呈缴学成归来的保证书。1950-1970年代,台湾赴美人员总数在25000人左右。到1971年,返台者2341人,1971-1981年,返台总数为19639人,其中大部分为学生。滞留未归的文科学生多数成为美国高校东方图书馆和东亚系的专职人员,为传播中华文化作出了贡献,而理科学生基本上任教于教育机关及其他部门。回台的学生对台湾的社会发展和经济起飞有较大贡献。当选“中央研究院”院士的有20多人;丁肇中、李远哲等获得诺贝尔奖。此期台湾留美政策有摇摆不定的缺点,留美学生过于重视理工,忽视人文。中国150多年的留学史以美国为中心,值得多加探讨。     

二十世纪五六十年代台湾新诗创作

在1950年代戒严体制下，台湾的经济、教育、文学和艺术的发展，都受到“反共复国”方针的钳制。在诗歌创作上，出现了许多反共的“战斗诗”。1950年代中期，台湾诗坛的一些诗人想打破现状，提出“新诗再革命”的口号，试图朝现代主义迈进。1960年代的台湾新诗属西方现代派狂飚突进时期。当“创世纪”为代表的激进现代主义与以余光中为楷模的温和现代主义汇成一股巨流，并生成新的典律的时候，诗坛的另一角，出现了一股反现代主义的力量，这主要以标榜乡土的“笠”诗社为代表。