探究式教学的尝试与思考

探究式教学是按照科学探究要素来组织教学内容和教学活动,着重培养学生科学探究能力的一种教学方式.本文以作者的课堂探究式教学尝试与体会,阐述课堂探究的可能形式、内容,以及进一步提高探究式教学质量的建议.     

浅谈对探究教学的认识与思考

探究教学是20世纪60年代提出的,其核心是使学生通过类似科学家的探究过程理解科学概念和科学探究的本质,培养科学探究能力.美国几十年的科学教育实践表明,探究教学有着明显的优势,但实践起来困难重重.本文分析了探究教学的优势与弊端,以及科学探究的基本特征,并针对我国的科学教育实际提出了一些建议.     

Primary teachers conducting inquiry projects: effects on attitudes towards teaching science and conducting inquiry

ABSTRACT

This study used an experimental, pretest-posttest control group design to investigate whether participation in a large-scale inquiry project would improve primary teachers’ attitudes towards teaching science and towards conducting inquiry. The inquiry project positively affected several elements of teachers’ attitudes. Teachers felt less anxious about teaching science and felt less dependent on contextual factors compared to the control group. With regard to attitude towards conducting inquiry, teachers felt less anxious and more able to conduct an inquiry project. There were no effects on other attitude components, such as self-efficacy beliefs or relevance beliefs, or on self-reported science teaching behaviour. These results indicate that practitioner research may have a partially positive effect on teachers’ attitudes, but that it may not be sufficient to fully change primary teachers’ attitudes and their actual science teaching behaviour. In comparison, a previous study showed that attitude-focused professional development in science education has a more profound impact on primary teachers’ attitudes and science teaching behaviour. In our view, future interventions aiming to stimulate science teaching should combine both approaches, an explicit focus on attitude change together with familiarisation with inquiry, in order to improve primary teachers’ attitudes and classroom practices.     

Assessing pre-service teachers’ skills for analyzing teaching

This study investigated the learning-from-practice skills that pre-service teachers possess when they enter teacher preparation programs in the United States. Two subskills were hypothesized to represent, at least in part, what is required to learn from practice: (1) the ability to collect evidence about students’ learning in order to analyze the effects of instruction, and (2) the ability to use the analysis to revise the instruction. Because it seems likely that different teaching situations and contexts reveal these learning-from-practice skills in different ways and to different degrees, this study examined the skills that pre-service teachers exhibited under two experimental conditions. Thirty pre-service teachers were asked to analyze the effects of a videotaped mathematics lesson on student learning, to support their analysis with evidence, and to use their analysis to revise the lesson. Based on the results, it appears that many entry level pre-service teachers can carry out a cause-effect type of analysis of the relationships between specific instructional strategies and students’ learning, and can use this analysis to make productive revisions to the instruction. However, prospective teachers’ ability to collect evidence that supports their analysis appears to be less developed. In addition, the type of analysis that prospective teachers carried out about the effects of instruction on students’ learning differed dramatically across the two experimental task conditions.Preparation of this article was supported by the National Science Foundation (Grant #0083429 to the Mid-Atlantic Center for Teaching and Learning Mathematics). The opinions expressed in the article are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Foundation. Thanks to James Hiebert for his comments on earlier drafts of the paper.     

名师教学技能为什么难以复制:难题及其破解——从古代塾师教学“绝活”难以传承谈起

私塾是中国传统教育的"老字号",私塾建筑空间、教育价值丰富,私塾教育产品、科学价值广泛。私塾名师长期积累的教学"绝活"——语言技能、教学技能和书写技能都已失传。名师教学技能的失传,表明名师教学"绝活"具有难以传承的个体性,名师很难复制名师,增加了名师队伍建设的难度。要破解建设一流教师队伍的难题,必须保护名师的教学遗产,承继名师的教学技能,修炼名师的教学"绝活"。     

"探究式学习"在课堂教学中的实践与思考

新一轮国家基础教育课程改革的一个重要而具体的目标 ,就是要改变至今仍普遍存在的学生被动接受、大运动量反复操练的学习方式 ,倡导学生主动参与的自主式、合作式和探究式的学习。在理科各科国家课程标准中 ,科学探究不仅被作为重要的理念强调和作为教学建议提出 ,而且被列入了课程目标和内容标准中 ,作为必须实施的内容要求。因此 ,生物课堂教学中理应重视探究式教学 ,培养学生探究式学习能力。1　“探究式学习”的基本程序科学探究是一种多方面的活动。这种活动包括观察、提出问题 ,预设问题的结果 ,从书籍和其它各种信息来源查找自己所…     

Exploring the pedagogical features of integrating essential competencies of scientific inquiry in classroom teaching

ABSTRACT

Background: As inquiry-based instruction is not universally implemented in science classrooms, it is crucial to introduce instructional strategies through the use of contextualized learning activities to allow students with different background knowledge and abilities to learn the essential competencies of scientific inquiry and promote their emotional perception and engagement.

Purpose: This study explores how essential scientific competencies of inquiry can be integrated into classroom teaching practices and investigates both typical and gifted secondary students’ emotional perception and engagement in learning activities.

Sample: A case teacher along with 226 typical and 18 gifted students from a suburban secondary school at Taiwan participated in this study.

Design and methods: After attending twelve 3-hour professional development workshops that focused on scientific inquiry teaching, the case teacher voluntarily developed and elaborated her own teaching activities through the discussions and feedback that she received from workshop participants and science educators. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through activity worksheet, questionnaire, video camera, and tape recorders. Frequency distribution, Mann-Whitney U test, and discourse analysis were used for data analyses.

Results: Case teacher’s teaching activities provide contextual investigations that allow students to practice making hypotheses, planning investigations, and presenting and evaluating findings. Students’ learning outcomes reveal that typical students can engage in inquiry-based learning with positive emotional perception as well as gifted students regardless of their ability level. Both gifted and typical students’ positive emotional perception of and active engagement in learning provide fresh insight into feasible instructions for teachers who are interested in inquiry-based teaching but have little available time to implement such instructions into their classrooms.

Conclusions: The results of our work begin to address the critical issues of inquiry-based teaching by providing an exemplary teaching unit encompassing essential scientific competencies     

Instructional development for teachers in higher education: impact on teaching approach

Although instructional development for teachers has become an important topic in higher education, little is known about the impact it has on daily teaching practice. The lack of systematic programme evaluation is an ongoing concern. In this study we investigate by use of a quasi-experimental design, the impact of an instructional development program for beginning university teachers on their teaching approach. Quantitative pre-test as well as post-test data were assembled from 20 experimental teachers and 20 control teachers. At the post-test qualitative data were gathered too: 17 teachers of the experimental group and 12 teachers of the control group were interviewed. Paired t-tests and analysis of covariance with the pre-test scores as a covariate showed some effect of instructional development on teaching approach. The analysis of the qualitative data sustained this result. Our results reveal the influence of instructional development on teachers’ teaching approach being slightly different for teachers belonging to distinct disciplines. Several interpretations and perspectives for further research are discussed.     

浅谈新教师如何提高课堂教学技能

课堂教学技能在教师教学技能中占重要地位。本文从课前准备、教学语言、问题讲解三方面分析新教师如何提高课堂教学技能,希望对新教师的教学实践有一定的帮助。     

Thoughts on teaching thinking: perceptions of practitioners with a shared culture of thinking skills education

This article aims to outline the reported experiences of practitioners in a local authority in England where, since the mid-1990s, a high proportion of teachers have undertaken professional development in the field of teaching thinking skills. The article is based on the main findings from a questionnaire survey which was carried out among first, middle and high school teachers in this area. It was intended to explore their views on the use, benefits and challenges of teaching ‘Thinking for Learning’, a term which encompasses both the use of a range of thinking skills strategies and the Community of Enquiry/Philosophy for Children approaches.

The vast majority of respondents reported a range of positive effects on their pupils, including pupil motivation and cognitive, social and affective benefits. On the other hand, reported challenges mainly referred to a perceived lack of time and to some seemingly inherent difficulties in the teaching of thinking.

Conclusions from this study have the potential to inform professional development practice and policy far beyond this local authority's regional boundaries, and aim to contribute to the body of knowledge about forms of education that are based on dialogue and enquiry.     

Science teaching techniques associated with higher-order thinking skills

Science teachers are encouraged to emphasize higher-order thinking skills, but little is known about the use and relationships of teaching techniques related to these skills. This study reports on a recent survey in Minnesota designed to provide a picture of the instructional styles that are used by seventh and eighth grade science teachers. Further, the data were factor analyzed to identify underlying structure and the resulting factors were correlated to examine the relationships between the factors. Although relationships do exist, it appears that seventh and eighth grade science teachers are individualistic and diverse in their reported teaching technique preferences.     

高校教师教学技能培训现状的调查——以河南省豫北地区7所高校为例

通过对河南省7所高校教师教学技能培训状况的调查发现,高校教师普遍重视多渠道提升自己的教学技能,尤其认同教学技能培训在促进教师专业化成长方面的重要作用;高校普遍关注教师教学技能培训,培训组织形式多样,培训内容丰富,在提高教师教学能力,尤其是对新任教师尽快适应教学方面起到了有效的引领作用。同时,高校教师教学技能培训机构和制度有待健全和完善,培训时间短,培训覆盖面小,培训效果也有待提高。     

高师音乐欣赏教学与创造牲思维的研究

音乐欣赏是一种自由的主体审美活动,具有独特而复杂的心理活动过程,并具有创造性思维的价值。音乐欣赏与创造性思维有着多元化内涵,从而达到完美身心、启迪智慧的目的。     

Embracing the essence of inquiry: New roles for science teachers

“This is the thing I really get excited about. There are some great ideas here, some really neat projects. Wanda and Joan are working on amphibian decline. Ann is interested in territorial behavior or some sort of feeding behavior in crawdads. That is a good one to study because crawdads are an important decomposer in the stream. We're looking at what kinds of criteria in a stream make it habitable for different kinds of organisms. And when you see those different combinations of organisms, what do they mean? How do you interpret them? I mean we're really getting into higher levels of thinking, because we're looking at different kinds of organisms and interpreting them in terms of stream health.” Jake, biology teacher, Northwestern High School. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 37: 916–937, 2000     

普通高师公共教育学的教学反思与改革

教学反思是对教学活动的理性批判，对公共教育学而言，我们必须对其在教师职前培养中的作用、课程的性质和任务、知识体系结构、教学方式等进行反思。改革公共教育学的教学应从教师的继续教育入手，并对教学内容、课程设置和教学方式进行整体改革。