Mobility and efficiency in the job market for economists

From an examination of labor mobility patterns it is possible to draw inferences about the functioning of the labor market for initial employment. In this paper we analyze a set of data on transitions between the initial job and the job held S years later for a sample of economists who received PhDs between 1955 and 1965. Besides presenting, in a unique fashion, the overall mobility picture lor the economists in the sample, which may be of independent interest, we also develop a test of whether available information is fully taken into account in the initial job placement.     

Attitudes and practices to improve english language skills through mobile applications: in the case of secondary schools english language teachers awi zone,Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Education and Information Technologies - The main intent of this research is identifying attitudes and practices improving English language skills through mobile applications in secondary schools...     

Researching teachers working with young adolescents: implications for ethnographic research

Several societies throughout the global North and South are now witnessing unprecedented patterns of marginally higher female academic performance and educational attainment. But the processes that have generated such patterns and responses to their development have not been uniform across or within these societies. In multiracial Fiji, statistics reveal higher secondary school enrolment and lower attrition rates for Fijian females compared with Fijian males, and while national examination scores are not aggregated by sex, Fijian girls are widely viewed as relatively ‘higher achievers’. Drawing from participant observation in a working-class, co-educational, predominantly Fijian secondary school and a selective Fijian girls’ secondary school, this article explores how the intersections of social class, culture and sex structure in schools mediate the interpretation of, response to, and assessment of Fijian female academic achievement.     

Components and context: exploring sources of reading difficulties for language minority learners and native english speakers in urban schools

Drawing on the cognitive and ecological domains within the componential model of reading, this longitudinal study explores heterogeneity in the sources of reading difficulties for language minority learners and native English speakers in urban schools. Students (N = 150) were followed from first through third grade and assessed annually on standardized English language and reading measures. Structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relative contributions of code-related and linguistic comprehension skills in first and second grade to third grade reading comprehension. Linguistic comprehension and the interaction between linguistic comprehension and code-related skills each explained substantial variation in reading comprehension. Among students with low reading comprehension, more than 80% demonstrated weaknesses in linguistic comprehension alone, whereas approximately 15% demonstrated weaknesses in both linguistic comprehension and code-related skills. Results were remarkably similar for the language minority learners and native English speakers, suggesting the importance of their shared socioeconomic backgrounds and schooling contexts.     

验证牛顿第二定律演示实验的改进

“验证牛顿第二定律”演示实验是学生学习物理的一个重要实验、笔者在多年的教学中采用了多种方法进行实验演示,现介绍一个装置简单、操作容易、用时省、成功率高的实验方法,供同行参考指正。     

Basic research in speech and lateralization of language: Some implications for reading disability

Basic research in speech and the lateralization of language is shown to illuminate the problems of reading and some of its disabilities. First, it is pointed out how speech, or language for the ear, differs markedly from reading, or language for the eye. Though the sounds of speech are a very complex code and the optical shapes of written language are a simple cipher or alphabet on the phonemes, we all perceive speech easily but read only with difficulty. Perceiving speech is easy because, as members of the human race, we all have access to a special physiological apparatus that decodes the complex speech signal and recovers the segmentation of the linguistic message. Reading is hard because the phonemic segmentation, which is automatic and intuitive in the case of speech, must be made fully conscious and explicit. The syllabic method supplemented by phonics (used with certain reservations) is suggested for remediation of segmentation problems. Second, it is posited that since the sounds of speech are processed differently from non-speech sounds, the two should not be diagnosed and remediated interchangeably. Third, it is shown that the relationships among cerebral lateralization for language, handedness and poor reading can now be studied more meaningfully because of the recent development of new techniques. A truism often heard in the opening lecture of graduate classes in education is that we have few answers to the problems that beset us, only questions. In the field of reading, the difficulty may be owing at least in part to our impatient attempts to find immediate solutions for the teacher and the student in the classroom, and our consequent neglect of basic research. I should like to suggest today how knowledge of basic research in related disciplines may lead to clues for improving beginning reading instruction and the lot of the disabled reader—if only by affording us a deeper understanding of the reading process. Paper based on a talk given at the Twenty-first Annual Conference of The Orton Society, Washington, D.C., November 14, 1970.     

The introduction of electronic portfolios to teach and assess english as a foreign language in Taiwan

Conclusion The use of electronic portfolios to teach and assess EFL affects both teachers and students who are accustomed to traditional methods of teaching and learning English in Taiwan. This new innovation also stimulates teachers and students to think about ways to connect their work, their school and the island communities of Taiwan. Ultimately, it will help teachers and students to look beyond the Taiwan community to interact with a more globalized world community.     

Application of demand-control theory to sign language interpreting: implications for stress and interpreter training

The translation work of sign language interpreters involves much more than language. The characteristics and goings-on in the physical environment, the dynamics and interactions between the people who are present, and even the inner noise of the interpreter contribute to the accuracy, or lack thereof, of the resulting translation. The competent interpreter must understand and respond appropriately to the language and nonlanguage aspects of each interpreting assignment. We use the framework of demand-control theory (Karasek, 1979) to examine the complex occupation of sign language interpreting. Demand-control theory is a job analysis method useful in studies of occupational stress and reduction of stress-related illness, injury, and burnout. We describe sources of demand in the interpreting profession, including demands that arise from factors other than those associated with languages (linguistic demands). These include environmental, interpersonal, and intrapersonal demands. Karasek's concept of control, or decision latitude, is also explored in relation to the interpreting profession. We discuss the prevalence of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD), turnover, and burnout in the interpreting profession in light of demand-control theory and data from interpreter surveys, including a new survey study described herein. We conclude that nonlinguistic demand factors in particular and perceived restrictions in decision latitude likely contribute to stress, CTD, burnout, and the resulting shortage of sign language interpreters. We make suggestions for improvements in interpreter education and professional development, including the institution of an advanced, supervised professional training period, modeled after internships common in other high demand professional occupations.     

Compulsory language studies for university degrees: the challenge of decontextualization in language learning

The present paper discusses the decontextualization of learning in a case of compulsory Swedish language studies for university degrees. In this case learning Swedish is mostly disconnected, not only from the everyday lives of the students in a way typical of formal learning in general, but also from the study activities and contexts that students engage in for their major subject. Learning has been transferred to a specific context, the University Language Centre Swedish courses, where the main purpose is to learn Swedish for possible future needs. The study explored the correspondence between Finnish speaking students' own learning goals and the formal objectives set for these compulsory studies (i.e. learning Swedish for educational and occupational purposes). The sample consisted of 10 student groups from different subject majors. The results suggest that all students do not necessarily share the prescribed formal objectives. First of all, students expressed goals which contradicted the formal objectives, namely learning only discrete words or grammar rules. In addition, only four of the 10 groups mentioned learning goals related to their present studies (educational domain) and only five groups discussed learning goals from the point of view of their future professions (occupational domain). The paper discusses ways to overcome the problems of decontextualization in compulsory language studies for university degrees.     

转变政府职能是完善社会主义市场经济体制的关键

转变政府职能是完善社会主义市场经济体制的必然要求．完善社会主义市场经济体制的首要问题是确立“有限政府”、“有效政府”、“服务政府”的新理念;转变政府职能的核心内容是改革审批制度．     

Interdisciplinary and intercultural differences in learning strategy use: implications for language processing, curriculum and instruction

This investigation examines English as foreign language college interdisciplinary and intercultural differences in learning strategy use and their implications for language processing. Positivism underpins this research at the levels of ontology (standardized variables), epistemology (detachment from the subjects) and methodology, using nomothetic research strategy (survey), instruments (questionnaires) and data analysis techniques (multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of variance). Main findings show interdisciplinary differences between the Humanities and Science majors in student use of compensation strategies in favour of the Science major while finding no intermajor differences in student use of other strategies. The findings indicate no ethnic differences in learning strategy use, since European, American and Eastern ethnicities almost use typical strategies. Therefore, disagreements on alleged unmediated deterministic relationships between ethnicity and cognitive processing remain in place. Instead, curriculum and instructional designs, strategy training and individual differences rather than cultural stereotypes influence language processing. For curriculum and instructional designs to facilitate language processing and pedagogy, effective strategies should underlie national, classroom-level and school-level curriculum developments.     

Masculine generics=sexist language: A review of literature and implications for speech communication professionals

This article reviews empirically based studies demonstrating gender‐biased perceptions resulting from use of “man”‐linked words (e.g., “mankind”) and third‐person‐singular masculine pronouns. Contrary to commonsense beliefs, neither of these linguistic conventions has been found to he associated with equal likelihood perceptions of female and male referents. Specific suggestions are made for the adoption of alternatives to masculine generics in speech and communication teaching and research reportage. Also, suggestions are made for research and development activities.     

媒体第一市场如何促进文化产业的发展——探寻河北文化产业发展之策

作为文化产业的媒体有三个市场:信誉市场、产品市场和实体市场.第一市场指信誉市场.信誉市场,指媒体通过向公众提供资讯、新闻、娱乐服务而获得报偿.信誉市场从三个方面促进文化产业的发展:第一,第一市场通过信誉、品牌引领媒体文化市场;第二,第一市场以公益性价值体系为导向进行文化报道与宣传,文化产业通过与第一市场的价值体系相对接,实现市场营销;第三,第一市场通过对消费者文化消费观念、文化素养和文化消费行为的培养,形成对文化市场的前期培养.     

The instruments for a blind teacher of english: The challenge of the board

This article reports on the training of a blind foreign language teacher of sighted students and the designing of a substitute of the board. A composition of computer devices available today was provided to the blind teacher in order to get pieces of writing projected on a screen. This basic instrument was transformed through instrumental geneses (Rabardel, 1995) i.e., transformations of the blind teacher’s activity and/or of the properties of the artefacts in order to get writings readable for sighted students as well as adapted to didactic purposes. The article deals with knowledge construction, which implies four categories of actions on pieces of writing: adding, erasing, organising and pointing to. The questions involved are: how can a blind teacher manage these various actions? What are the limits of such instrumental geneses?     

非法占有目的理论探究

非法占有目的是取得罪中独立于故意的特殊主观构成要件,这种观念是我国刑法理论中的通说.但近年来,一部分学者对该通说提出了质疑,甚至进而否认了刑法的目的犯理论.笔者认为,非法占有目的适用范围并不以法律明文规定为限,故应当承认非法定目的犯的存在,且非法占有目的属于开放的构成要件.本文拟通过对刑法中非法占有目的理论的探讨,达到为通说辩护的目的.     

英语教学中存在的问题--毕业班英语水平测试试卷分析

外语系98级学生参加了河北省英语专业水平测试,通过对试卷进行抽样分析,从整体上看,学生在语音、阅读理解方面相对较好,而在词汇、听力与写作方面较差.应该强调词汇教学和听力与写作的基本功训练.