教师自编学力测验：测量学理论与专业准备

教师自编学力测验能否较好体现其诊断与发展功能,成为当下校内考试改革关注的焦点。当前,教师自编学力测验存在的主要问题是：缺乏一套规范的学力测验体系,考后缺少对考试信息的深度挖掘。这些问题的有效解决在很大程度上有赖于测量学理论与技术在试题编制过程中的运用;与此同时,教师的测评素养也是使得自编学力测验科学性得以保证的必要条件。     

中小学生学业质量评价发展取向

中小学生学业评价制度改革是当前教育改革与发展的重要组成部分。传统的学业评价以测试学生所掌握的知识为主,较少反映学生的学业能力;在方法和技术上的科学性有待改进,考试内容的人为性和主观性明显,缺乏客观而科学的程序,考试的过程缺乏心理测量学的指导;考试功能单一,仅反映学生现阶段所掌握的知识。新形势下中小学生学业评价要在科学的测量理论指导下,以能力为导向,注重学生素养的测试,并规范评价程序,充分挖掘评价信息,让学业评价促进学生健康发展。     

学业成就评价改革路在何方?

放眼国际,基础教育课程改革是当今国际教育改革的主旋律,而学生学业成就评价改革则是世界各国共同关注并致力研究的难题.美国、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大、日本等国家在学生学业成就评价改革方面都创造了一些值得借鉴的经验,如考试功能与目的明确,每一种考试对应于相应的诊断、监控、选拔、授证等具体的功能;学业成就评价体系是严格基于课程标准来开发的;学业成就评价的各个层级有明确的权责体系,分工具体、框架清晰;学业成就评价由具备良好专业素养和科研实力的中介机构负责;学业成就评价体系必须包括完善的考试结果反馈机制.     

初中历史学科实施开放式考试的尝试

随着历史课程改革深入推进，过去一张试卷评价学生学业水平的考试模式已无法实现新的历史课程目标，新的教学方式和学习方式要求开放的多元的学业评价体系和考试模式与之相适应。笔者结合教学实践，并借鉴SOLO分层评价理论，初步建立了一套历史学科开放式考试操作办法及评价标准，以期与同行探讨。     

关注学生学习过程的学业评价——南澳洲中学教学过程中的学生学业评价

学生学习过程中的评价问题是学校教学中的重要问题。在现代学校教学改革的过程中,越来越关注对学生学习过程的评价,越来越重视学生在学校过程中的表现性评价。澳大利亚南澳州的中学阶段,在课程建设和教学过程中逐渐形成了比较严格的学生学业评价体系,这种评价体系不仅关注学生相关测验或考试的分数,更体现着一种注重学生学习过程的学业评价,体现着一种注重学生学习过程的学业评价理念。     

普通高中学业水平考试命题研究（二）——难度控制技术探究

【摘要】难度控制是普通高中学业水平考试命题的关键与难点。为了研制命题难度控制方法,我们在规范命题过程、制订命题计划、明确难度控制参数、建立难度控制校验系统、控制试卷难度分布等方面从操作层面上进行了有益的实践探索,初步形成了一套科学的操作与监控体系,从而进一步保证考试测量的精准度,使学业水平考试评价的导向功能充分发挥效用。【关键词】普通高中;学业水平考试;命题难度控制技术【中图分类号】G424．74【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1674-1536（2013）10-0035-04     

考试质量评价:标准构建与考察维度

考试质量事关考试的公平公正,对学业诊断和人才选拔工作至关重要。我国考试质量的评价工作尚未形成完善的体系,一些不必要的差错或技术上的失误可能会造成较大的负面影响。在设置考试质量标准时,应适当吸取我国科举制度的经验教训,参考国际考试行业协会标准,满足现代心理与教育测量理论的要求,并及时总结当今考试实践中的经验教训。在实施考试质量评价时,可从如下几个方面考察：考试蓝图是否符合考试目的且科学合理;考试题目是否科学、公平、恰当;试卷是否完整且符合考试蓝图的要求;测评指标是否达到现代测量理论和技术的要求;主要考生群体的作答表现是否异常;考试管理和质量检测流程是否系统规范。     

自学考试与学业评价

自学考试与学业评价或许不该成为一个问题,笔者探究于兹,聊抒拙见而已,或有不妥,仅存言路。高等教育自学考试是我国改革开放以来教育制度的一项重要创新,而欲获得自学考试持续发展的一个重要环节,就是进一步发掘考试的学业评价功能。自学考试狭义的评价概念是终结性考试,广义的评价还应该包括诊断性考试、阶段性考试、模拟性考试、实践性考试等一系列具有学业评价功能的考试。     

从“三维目标”维度建构江西省高中思想政治课过程性评价体系

传统的高中思想政治课学业评价体系过于注重甄别与选拔功能,不符合新课改倡导的课程理念。学生、教师、教学被高考绑架,使得教学效果低下。随着《江西省深化考试招生制度改革实施方案》的出台,建构一套符合学生全面发展、符合新课改要求的学业评价体系尤为关键。     

普通高中学业水平考试学业质量评价功能开发的理性思考

普通高中学业水平考试是高中阶段教育教学质量评价体系的重要组成部分,科学开发其学业质量评价功能,是有效服务于高中教育教学的前提。本文讨论了开发普通高中学业水平考试学业质量评价功能的缘由、应秉持的理念、应遵循的原则以及利用其开展学业质量评价的主要环节,并针对该考试及其评价功能开发存在的主要问题提出了建议。     

Raising the Stakes of Test Administration: The Impact on Student Performance on the National Assessment of Educational Progress

This article briefly reviews the current discussion of the effects of test administration conditions (i.e., testing stakes), and the motivational levels associated with them, on achievement test performance. The non-experimental study presented here investigates whether differences in test administration conditions and presumed levels of motivation engendered by different testing environments affect student performance on National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) administrations. The testing conditions under study are the "low-stakes" environment of the current NAG administration and a higher stakes environment typified by many state assessment programs. The results suggest that in comparison to a "moderate-stakes" testing environment NAEP does not seriously underestimate achievement levels. However, the results cannot lead to the conclusion that student achievement is unrelated to testing stakes. Nor can one conclude that substantially raising the stakes of NAEP would not be accompanied by an increase in achievement scores.     

School assessment policy and practice in Belgian secondary education with specific reference to vocational education and training

Based on a survey among 1274 secondary school teachers in Flanders (Belgium), this paper describes the relationship between the assessment practices and forms of assessment policy (testing culture or assessment culture) and between forms of general school policy (student‐oriented or achievement‐oriented) and forms of assessment policy that teachers experience. Reviewing teachers’ attitudes towards assessment policy, it is clear that teachers are not convinced that most schools have a clear concept of an assessment policy. This is the case even though about 82% of the teachers claim to know what the vision of the school on assessment is. The main characteristics of the assessment process lead us to conclude that teachers still live in the testing culture. Although the testing culture exerts a very strong influence over schools, the school policy shows an opening towards an assessment culture. Indeed, a student‐oriented policy is more present than an achievement‐oriented policy. This distinction is important because a student‐oriented policy might bring teachers closer to an assessment culture. Our data show that teachers have a different opinion about this depending on the education sector in which they work and the subject they teach.     

Division business

This article briefly reviews three areas of research related to testing and the assessment of memory structures. The research is criticized from the stand point of either, (a) failing to provide achievement testing methods that yield useful diagnostic information for instruction or, (b) not being prac tical for instructional purposes. An alternative achievement testing method, based on research on reading comprehension, is proposed. Preliminary research on the alternative testing method is summarized.     

Assessment for learning in the accountability era: Queensland, Australia

Developments in school education in Australia over the past decade have witnessed the rise of national efforts to reform curriculum, assessment and reporting. Constitutionally the power to decide on curriculum matters still resides with the States. Higher stakes in assessment, brought about by national testing and international comparative analyses of student achievement data, have challenged State efforts to maintain the emphasis on assessment to promote learning while fulfilling accountability demands. In this article lessons from the Queensland experience indicate that it is important to build teachers’ assessment capacity and their assessment literacy for the promotion of student learning. It is argued that teacher assessment can be a source of dependable results through moderation practice. The Queensland Studies Authority has recognised and supported the development of teacher assessment and moderation practice in the context of standards-driven, national reform. Recent research findings explain how the focus on learning can be maintained by avoiding an over-interpretation of test results in terms of innate ability and limitations and by encouraging teachers to adopt more tailored diagnosis of assessment data to address equity through a focus on achievement for all. Such efforts are challenged as political pressures related to the Australian government's implementation of national testing and national partnership funding arrangements tied to the performance of students at or below minimum standards become increasingly apparent.     

Student achievement and education system performance in a developing country

The global spread of national assessment testing activities, and the growing pressure to move beyond basic measures of participation in educational monitoring, means that student achievement measures are likely to become increasingly relevant indicators of systemic progress in the developing world. Using data from the CESSP project in Cambodia, this paper incorporates a standard decomposition framework to go beyond simple comparisons of average achievement levels over time in order to better understand the underlying dynamics of change. The results show that recent improvements in student achievement in Cambodia are attributable in part to changes in the composition of student cohorts, although there is some evidence of a tradeoff between increasing participation rates and average achievement. There is also some encouraging evidence that school quality is improving, especially in lower grades where the leveling off of participation is creating a policy window of opportunity. The framework can be easily applied to a growing body of assessment data in the developing world to aid both inter- and intra-national monitoring of education system progress.     

Testing a Theory About the Role of Classroom Assessment in Student Motivation and Achievement

A theoretical framework describing the role of classroom assessment in student effort and achievement expected positive relations among perceived characteristics of the assessment task, perceived self-efficacy to do the task, amount of effort invested in the task, and achievement for each classroom assessment event within a classroom assessment environment. Furthermore, the classroom assessment environment and the particular assessment events themselves were hypothesized to make a difference. A study investigating this theoretical framework was designed, using observation, survey, and interview techniques to collect data from 4 classroom assessment events in each of 2 Grade 3 classrooms. In general, expected relations were found among perceptions of task, self-efficacy, effort, and achievement. An exception was that for some assessments, perceived self-efficacy was not correlated with effort. Interview data suggested that extremely high self-efficacy, coupled with an assessment task that posed no challenge to a student, could lead to low perceptions of effort.     

Four Perspectives on Educational Assessment

Educational achievement testing is considered from four perspectives. First, the political concerns for accountability provide a powerful impetus for state‐wide testing of students. Second, parents want evidence about their children's accomplishments but often do not receive nor understand much information regarding testing. Third, in the USA, teachers often spend 2 to 8 weeks preparing their students for achievement tests and administering them. The “high‐stakes” nature of the tests undermines teachers’ curricula and instruction and, according to critics, may place too much emphasis on discrete skills, rote recall of facts, and esoteric test‐taking strategies. Students’ views of testing are the fourth perspective considered. A series of studies has revealed that the trust placed in testing by young children is gradually eroded until many adolescents are sceptical about the purpose and value of standardized achievement testing. Low achievers are especially prone to give token effort and to use counterproductive tactics. The cumulative, negative impact of standardized testing on many students and teachers threatens the validity of the test results and effective instruction. Seven suggestions are outlined to improve educational assessment for all participants.     

试论形成性评价及其对大学英语教学与测试的启示

形成性评价在教学过程中对学生的学习情况进行评价，为教师与学生提供反馈，评价中收集到的信息用于调整教学以满足学生需求，提高教学质量。形成性评价如果使用得当，能显著改善教学效果，并帮助学生成为自主高效的学习者。从大学英语教学与测试中存在的问题和发展的趋势来看，如果能将形成性评价用于大学英语课堂，对大学英语教学与测试的发展能起积极的促进作用。本文对国内外有关形成性评价概念、价值和使用等方面的文献作了较充分的述评，并初步探讨了形成性评价对大学英语教学与测试发展的启示。     

Multilevel Assessment for Discourse,Understanding, and Achievement

Evaluating the impact of instructional innovations and coordinating instruction, assessment, and testing present complex tensions. Many evaluation and coordination efforts aim to address these tensions by using the coherence provided by modern cognitive science perspectives on domain-specific learning. This paper introduces an alternative framework that uses emerging situative assessment perspectives to align learning across increasingly formal levels of educational practice. This framework emerged from 2 design studies of a 20-hr high school genetics curriculum that used the GenScope computer-based modeling software. The 1st study aligned learning across (a) the contextualized enactment of inquiry-oriented activities in GenScope, (b) “feedback conversations” around informal embedded assessments, and (c) a formal performance assessment; the 2nd study extended this alignment to a conventional achievement test. Design-based refinements ultimately delivered gains of nearly 2 SD on the performance assessment and more than 1 SD in achievement. These compared to gains of 0.25 and 0.50 SD, respectively, in well-matched comparison classrooms. General and specific assessment design principles for aligning instruction, assessment, and testing and for evaluating instructional innovations are presented.