残疾人运动员的特质焦虑与竞赛状态焦虑研究

采用特质焦虑测验(TAI)和竞赛状态焦虑测验(CSAI-2)对73名残疾人运动员的焦虑测试分析表明：1)绝大多数残疾人运动员为中等强度的特质焦虑水平。残疾人运动员的认知焦虑与一般运动员相比没有显著性差异；残疾人运动员的躯体焦虑较一般运动员高，但比一般运动员更为自信；2)残疾人运动员的特质焦虑存在着性别差异，但竞赛状态焦虑没有性别差异；两者都不存在残疾类别差异和残疾类别与性别的交互作用影响；3)残疾人运动员在一般情景中的特质焦虑与他们的竞赛状态焦虑是相互独立的。     

对我校击剑运动员运动焦虑的分析和辅导

击剑运动员在竞赛中出现过度的运动焦虑会严重影响竞赛状态和运动成绩,本文通过剖析运动焦虑形成的过程,并提出几点有助于消除击剑运动员运动焦虑的策略,以供同仁参考。     

对我国优秀短道速滑运动员焦虑水平的研究

采用心理测量法,对我国28名少年优秀短道速度滑冰运动员和11名成年优秀短道速度滑冰运动员的运动认知特质焦虑和竞赛状态焦虑进行研究,结果表明：优秀成年短道速滑运动员的认知特质焦虑、竞赛状态焦虑都高于少年短道速滑运动员,但无显著差异;在性别的比较上,认知特质焦虑、竞赛状态焦虑无显著差异。在认知特质焦虑、竞赛状态焦虑的相关分析上,优秀成年短道速滑运动员的认知特质焦虑、竞赛状态焦虑呈负相关,无显著意义;而少年短道速滑运动员的认知特质焦虑、竞赛状态焦虑呈正相关,具有显著的意义。     

运用CSAI-2问卷对上海市大学生运动员赛前焦虑和状态自信心的研究

已修订出中国常模的CSAI-2问卷是信度和效度高的多维焦虑测量工具,它包括三个分量表:认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和状态自信心。运用该问卷测查235名参加大学生运动会田径和篮球比赛的被试赛前焦虑反应和状态自信必,结果表明:(1)躯体状态焦虑的强度是区分田径和篮球项目类型良好的预测因子;(2)认知状态焦虑的强度是区分运动技能水平或临场技能发挥得好坏的良好预测因子;(3)竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心的强度与被试主观上所认知到的任务难度密切有关。因此,为使运动员有适宜的竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心,教练员除了不断提高运动员的技能水平之外,应当结合项目的要求加强对运动员的心理训练(尤其是认知训练),并注意在赛前激起他们符合任务特征的唤醒水平。     

不同压力和暗示对运动状态焦虑的影响

研究中,方便抽样抽取63名被试者,随机分配到低压力和高压力情景中的积极暗示组、消极暗示组和控制组。结果发现,对比低压力,高压力下消极暗示提高状态焦虑程度、降低状态自信水平。研究结果提示：较大的比赛压力下,教练员不应对运动员消极暗示,而应是积极暗示,这样可能会有效地降低竞赛状态焦虑、提升状态自信。     

我国优秀田径运动员认知风格、竞赛焦虑与竞技水平发挥关系的研究

为探讨我国田径运动员的认知风格、竞赛焦虑特征与竞技水平发挥的关系,采用镶嵌图形测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷的方法,对我国15个省、市优秀田径运动员93人进行调查。结果显示:①我国优秀田径运动员有场依存者和场独立者,个体差异情况较大;田径运动员认知状态焦虑低于田径常模、躯体状态焦虑显著低于常模,状态自信心显著高于常模,场独立运动员躯体状态焦虑显著高于场依存运动员,认知状态焦虑更低而状态自信心更高。②认知风格与认知状态焦虑显著负相关,与躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心正相关,认知风格是影响认知状态焦虑的一个主因素。③两种认知风格运动员与竞技水平发挥率负相关,场独立运动员竞技水平发挥率更高;竞技水平发挥高组的运动员认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高;竞技水平发挥高组与认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑负相关,竞技水平发挥低组与认知状态焦虑负相关、与躯体状态焦虑正相关,两组运动员与状态自信心正相关;回归分析表明竞赛焦虑的三个维度均不能预测竞技水平发挥程度。     

不同比赛情境下乒乓球运动员赛前运动焦虑的多维实证研究

通过心理量表问卷调查与生理评定等方法,来跟踪研究和分析乒乓球运动员赛前运动焦虑的问题.结果发现:乒乓球运动员在不同比赛情境下焦虑曲线走势基本一致.认知焦虑产生早,并逐渐提高,到赛前1天达最高,躯体焦虑逐渐提高,到赛前1小时达最高,状态自信心随比赛临近逐渐降低,三者在不同情境下都具有显著性差异;随比赛临近身体主观反应与生理客观指标同步并对应提高的;个性特征是运动员竞赛焦虑强度的有效预测因子.     

运动员人格特征与赛前焦虑、心境状态的相关关系

采用测试研究方法，分析了人格特征与运动员的竞赛焦虑和心境状态的相关关系。结果表明，不同人格特征运动员之间在比赛期间存在显著的竞赛焦虑和心境状态差异；比赛期间躯体焦虑比认知焦虑更能影响运动员的潜能发挥；心境状态是运动员竞赛焦虑的有效预测因子。     

高水平武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑与运动成绩关系的研究

采用文献资料法、心理量表测量法,对参加第11届全国运动会武术套路比赛的87名运动员进行了竞赛状态焦虑调查分析。结果表明:武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑水平均与性别、运动等级、运动年限有关;文化程度因素、竞赛项目与竞赛状态无显著性差异;武术套路运动员成绩更多地受到认知状态焦虑的影响,呈现显著性差异中度相关,状态自信心与运动成绩表现出显著性差异。     

我国优秀武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑的探析

通过对中国优秀武术套路运动员关于竞赛状态焦虑的问题进行问卷和现场调研,结果表明：1）不同训练年限、不同运动等级的运动员在认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心上具有显著性差异;2）运动员得分与认知状态焦虑有显著负相关性、与状态自信心呈正相关、与躯体状态焦虑呈倒U关系;3）通过探索分析得出赛前预测运动成绩好坏的客观指标。以期为教练员在训练及比赛中高效处理优秀武术运动员的竞赛状态焦虑提供参考。     

The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: relationships with emotion,motivation, and performance

Perfectionism is a prevalent characteristic in athletes. Yet some researchers have argued that perfectionism in sports is maladaptive because it undermines athletes’ performance and stifles athletic development. This argument, however, neglects that perfectionism is a multidimensional characteristic and that only some dimensions of perfectionism are clearly maladaptive, whereas others are not. This review argues that perfectionism is comprised of two main dimensions – perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006) – that show different and unique patterns of relationships with athletes’ emotions, motivation, and performance. In support of this argument the review will present findings indicating that only perfectionistic concerns show unique positive relationships with competitive anxiety, fear of failure, and avoidance goal orientations. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings show unique positive relationships with self-confidence, hope of success, approach goal orientations, and performance in training and competitions. The findings suggest that only perfectionistic concerns are clearly maladaptive, whereas perfectionistic strivings may form part of a healthy striving for excellence. Implications for applied sport psychology are discussed as are open questions for future research.     

冰壶运动员致胜心理因素探析

针对我国冰壶运动发展的优势和存在的问题,抓住冰壶运动独具的项目特征,分析冰壶运动员致胜心理因素,加快提升我国冰壶运动整体竞技能力,力争在索契冬奥会上取得佳绩,是我国冰壶运动教练员、运动员亟待解决的重要课题。良好的心理状态是冰壶运动员最佳竞技状态形成的重要因素。从团队精神、动机、心理准备、自信心、注意力和焦虑控制等方面探究冰壶运动员致胜心理因素,旨在寻求提高冰壶运动训练水平、提升冰壶运动员整体竞技能力和冰壶运动员在比赛中取得优异成绩的突破口。     

射击运动员赛前焦虑的研究

研究的目的在于调查31名射击运动员赛前焦虑与性别、状态自信心及运动技能水平之间的关系。所有的被试要求在比赛前测试竞赛状态焦虑量表(简称CSAI-2)。结果表明，比赛发挥好的运动员表现出最低的认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和最高的状态自信心；状态自信心是区分优秀射击运动员与一般射击运动员的良好指标，性别影响着运动员赛前的躯体状态焦虑，射击运动员的最好成绩与高自信心和低焦虑水平相联系。     

自我意识和应对方式与比赛认知焦虑的关系

通过对118名青少年运动员进行了问卷调查.相关分析结果显示自我意识强的青少年运动员在比赛中比自我意识弱的运动员报告了相对高水平的认知焦虑.自我意识强的青少年运动员倾向于减少采用积极的应对方式,逐步回归分析的结果表明自我意识,特别是自我意识的分指标社会焦虑与积极应对方式预测比赛认知焦虑具有统计上的意义.     

Salivary hormones and anxiety in winners and losers of an international judo competition

The purpose of this study was to investigate the responses of salivary hormones and salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and anxiety in winners and losers during an international judo competition. Twenty-three trained, male, national-level judo athletes provided three saliva samples during a competition day: morning, in anticipation of competition after an overnight fast, mid-competition, and post-competition within 15 min post-fight for determination of salivary cortisol, salivary testosterone, salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio, SIgA absolute concentrations, SIgA secretion rate and saliva flow rate. The competitive state anxiety inventory questionnaire was completed by the athletes (n = 12) after the first saliva collection for determination of somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence. Winners were considered 1-3 ranking place (n = 12) and losers (n = 11) below third place in each weight category. Winners presented higher anticipatory salivary cortisol concentrations (p = 0.03) and a lower mid-competition salivary testosterone/cortisol ratio (p = 0.003) compared with losers with no differences for salivary testosterone. Winners tended to have higher SIgA secretion rates (p = 0.07) and higher saliva flow rates (p = 0.009) at mid-competition. Higher levels of cognitive anxiety (p = 0.02) were observed in the winners, without differences according to the outcome in somatic anxiety and self-confidence. The results suggest that winners experienced higher levels of physiological arousal and better psychological preparedness in the morning, and as the competition progressed, the winners were able to control their stress response better.     

Self-Confidence as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Competitive Anxiety Intensity and Interpretation

The aim of this study was to examine whether self-confidence mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety intensity and direction. Elite (n = 102) and nonelite (n = 144) participants completed the self-confidence subscale of the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 and the worry and somatic subscales from the Sport Anxiety Scale. Consistent with procedures recommended by Baron and Kenny (1986), linear regression analyses were used. The findings for elite athletes revealed worry intensity to significantly predict self-confidence and worry direction. However, when self-confidence was controlled, worry intensity did not predict worry direction over that which was significantly predicted by self-confidence. Within the analysis for somatic symptoms, only self-confidence was found to predict somatic symptom direction. For the nonelite athletes, worry and somatic symptom intensity predicted both self-confidence and direction, and direction when self-confidence was controlled. The findings for the elite athletes suggest self-confidence mediates the relationship between performers' worry symptoms and subsequent directional interpretations. However, the findings suggest that high levels of self-confidence and low symptom intensity are needed for nonelite athletes to demonstrate a less debilitative interpretation.