EFFECTS OF TEACHER–CHILD INTERACTION TRAINING (TCIT) ON TEACHER RATINGS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE

Problem behaviors in preschool‐aged children negatively affect teacher‐child relationships and children's skill development. In this clinical replication of an initial study, we implemented Teacher–Child Interaction Training (TCIT), a teacher‐delivered, universal intervention designed for early childhood settings. The initial study evaluated the TCIT program in a sample of 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children, whereas the current study focused on 2‐ to 3‐year‐old children. Teacher ratings of children's behavior indicated a significant main effect for time on children's protective factor scores, but not on behavioral concerns. However, for children whose ratings fell in the below‐average range at baseline, significant large effect sizes were obtained for changes over time for both protective factors and behavioral concerns. Higher levels of teacher skill change were significantly associated with overall higher protective factor scores, as well as lower behavioral concern scores for children when baseline levels of behavioral concerns were high. Results provide further support for the effectiveness of TCIT as a universal intervention designed to improve children's behaviors through targeted improvements in teachers’ relationship‐building skills and classroom management strategies.     

THE APPLICATION OF A FACTORIAL DESIGN TO THE STUDY OF CULTURAL BIAS IN GENERAL CULTURE ITEMS ON THE NATIONAL TEACHER EXAMINATION1

This article describes a series of studies performed with the National Teacher Examinations which were designed to study the relationship between the cultural content of special sets of general culture test items and the performance of blacks and whites on these experimental items. Significant differences between the performance of blacks and whites were found in terms of black, modern, and traditional test items. A replication of the study with the same test items, and also with a different group of test items, is also described.     

RATES AND TYPES OF TEACHER PRAISE: A REVIEW AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The use of teacher praise in the classroom has been the subject of empirical research since the 1970s, but despite more than four decades of research on the use of teacher praise, large gaps continue to exist in the literature. Clarifying the role and benefit of teacher praise is particularly important because the use of positive, proactive strategies is promoted by large‐scale behavior initiatives (e.g., Positive Behavior Interventions and Support). The goal of this review is to summarize the existing research on teacher praise, including rates of praise, types of praise, and the association between praise and student behavior. In addition to summarizing the extant literature, future directions for research are highlighted. This review reveals that there is a need for current, large‐scale studies with consistent operational definitions that measure the rate of different types of praise across different grades and instructional activities, while simultaneously measuring student behavioral outcomes.     

PARENT‐TEACHER RELATIONSHIPS IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: AN EXAMINATION OF PARENT‐TEACHER TRUST

Trust is an important dimension of parent educational involvement and parent‐teacher relationships. Preliminary research suggests that parent trust in teachers and schools is associated with student learning and behavior. However, examinations of parent trust in children's education are limited. The present study investigated the influence of demographic variables on parent trust and relations among parent trust, student behavior, and parent involvement. Findings suggested that student eligibility for a free or reduced‐price lunch predicted parent trust of teachers and schools, parent trust was correlated with dimensions of student behavior, and parent trust of teachers predicted parent involvement. Implications for parent involvement and parent‐teacher relationships are discussed.     

广西少数民族婚姻习俗的文化透视

广西少数民族的婚姻习俗多姿多彩，在婚姻形态方面很有特色。在这些婚俗中，包含着广西少数民族特定的社会心理意识、诸如女权卫护意识、自由恋爱意识等。各种婚姻习俗成为广西少数民族婚姻关系中重要的化现象。而造就这一化现象的深层动因则是广西少数民族固有的崇尚自然、向往自由、舒张人性、注重平等的价值观念在起作用。     

民族经济研究30年概述

笔者把民族经济研究兴起和发展的30年分为三个阶段,概述了各个阶段民族经济研究的基本状况、研究特点和学科基础理论建设,并对民族经济研究的学理价值进行了探讨。     

论民族学校与社区文化互动关系的建构

民族学校与社区文化互动关系是当前教育改革中关注的一个重要领域。探讨和建构民族学校与社区文化的互动关系,对学生的民族认同、文化理解以及民族文化的可持续传承都具有重要的意义。因此,笔者以文献、个案调查和逻辑分析等方法展开探讨,认为建构民族学校与社区文化互动关系是由学校教育的社会性、文化性以及农牧区中小学文化持续传承所决定的。建构二者的互动关系,是在确立民族学校的文化主体性的前提下,建立二者之间的文化对话和文化交往关系。     

政治文化视野：清代边疆民族政策分析

清朝以少数民族入主中原,十分注重对边疆少数民族的治理。清前期所制定的边疆民族政策深入人心,富有成效。其中,“修其教不易其俗,齐其政不易其宜”、“分其势而众建之”、以“抚”为主的治理原则以覆用人策略方面都充分考虑到了多元政治文化因素的影响,这对于维护和巩固边疆地区稳定乃至多民族国家的统一起到了重要作用。     

AN EVIDENCE‐DRIVEN,SOLUTION‐FOCUSED APPROACH TO FUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR ASSESSMENT REPORT WRITING

School‐based practitioners are to implement and report functional behavior assessments (FBAs) that are consistent with both the research literature and the law, both federal and state. However, the literature regarding how best to document the FBA process is underdeveloped. A review of applied behavior analytic and school psychology literature as well as legislation and case law informs FBA reporting practices regarding (a) required content, (b) graphing of data, (c) organization of reports, and (d) clarity of language. The purpose of FBA reports is discussed, and this discussion explicitly informs the use of a solution‐focused approach to improve clarity in report writing. Recommendations for best practices in FBA report writing are provided, and future research needs are highlighted.     

CHILD‐CENTERED PLAY THERAPY IN THE SCHOOLS: REVIEW AND META‐ANALYSIS

The authors conducted a meta‐analysis and systematic review that examined 23 studies evaluating the effectiveness of child centered play therapy (CCPT) conducted in elementary schools. Meta‐analysis results were explored using a random effects model for mean difference and mean gain effect size estimates. Results revealed statistically significant effects for outcome constructs, including externalizing problems (d = 0.34), internalizing problems (d = 0.21), total problems (d = 0.34), self‐efficacy (d = 0.29), academic (d = 0.36), and other behaviors (d = 0.38). Further, a systematic review was conducted on all studies compared with Outcome Research Coding Protocol criteria. Results indicated that CCPT studies provided quantitative support and qualitatively promising to strong evidence in support of its use in the schools.     

民族地区政府能力的内涵与特征

民族地区政府能力的内涵不是一个抽象的概念,它通过民族地区政府的职能实现,依靠政府公共政策的制定和执行而成为一种有组织的产出,在经济战略发展、组织制度创新、政策制定执行、社会管理控的制、公共服务供给、市场培育监管、精神文化塑造等几个方面具体地表现出来,是外显的可直观感受的有效治理社会所具有的能量和力量的总和。因此,民族地区政府能力的内涵与特征均有着自身的特殊规定性。     

VOICES IN EDUCATION: ACCOUNTABILITY IN TEACHER EDUCATION AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON TEACHER QUALITY

Abstract

This article explains several reasons why multicultural preservice teacher education is important and suggests some ways it can be better accomplished. The authors make a strong case for teacher education programs to be more deliberate about preparing European Americans to teach ethnically diverse students of color. They argue that this explicit professional preparation is needed because of the increasing racial, cultural, and linguistic divide between teachers (predominately European American) and K–12 students (increasingly from ethnic groups of color). Two other factors underscore the need for more multicultural teacher education: the fear of diversity and the resistance to dealing with race and racism frequently expressed by students enrolled in teacher education programs. To overcome these problems and better prepare preservice teachers to work effectively with ethnically diverse students the authors suggest a two‐part program of professional development.     

EDUCATIONISTS AND ACADEMICS: RATINGS OF COMMUNITY COLLEGE INSTRUCTORS

Relationships between student ratings, instructor pedagogical training, subject‐matter preparation in teaching field, and length of teaching experience were examined for community college university transfer instructors. Moderate but statistically signficant relationships were found between pedagogical training, amount of subject‐matter preparation in teaching area, and the rating subscale of Course Organization and Planning. Results indicated that students tend to give higher ratings to instructors with pedagogical training, while instructors with greater amounts of graduate‐level, subject‐matter preparation tend to receive lower ratings.     

中国北方民族传统体育的起源与演进

骑马术、射箭、摔跤、舞蹈是中国北方游牧民族体育文化的主要形式,是北方游牧民族文化的创造和积累,反映了人类社会的进步。这些现代体育项目,对世界一些体育项目的习得和传承具有重要价值,对研究中国草原文化具有重要意义。