Relative Constancy Hypothesis,Structural Pluralism,and National Advertising Expenditures

I studied the development of advertising within the national economy. Contrary to the relative constancy hypothesis, time-series analysis of aggregate-level data generally support my hypotheses that expenditures on advertising as a proportion of the national income increased from the 19th to the 20th century and that structural pluralism, not just national income, predicts absolute changes in advertising expenditures. I argue that the need for information and advertising grows as a social system becomes more structurally pluralistic and that general economic conditions (i.e., national income) alone are insufficient to explain changes in relative and absolute spending.     

Media Functionality and the Principle of Relative Constancy: An Explanation of the VCR Aberration

The introduction and diffusion of the videocassette recorder (VCR) coincided with an increase in consumer spending on mass media as a proportion of gross national product. This article attempts to explain this apparent aberration to the principle of relative constancy by analyzing both the pattern of consumer expenditures on all mass media and the functionality of the VCR in relation to other media. An examination of audience needs and uses of the VCR suggests that the VCR offers a range of functions that implicate both mass communication and interpersonal communication. Thus, the VCR is both a functional competitor and a functional complement to existing mass media. The implications for the study of new media include a suggestion that functional analysis of media may provide an additional explanatory power for the mechanism of consumer spending on mass media.     

英国国家档案馆在线社交媒体档案库及其特色

同美国国家档案馆一样,英国国家档案馆在利用社交媒体开展档案工作方面一直走在世界前列,文章主要介绍英国国家档案馆在线社交媒体档案库建设的背景、归档范围和发展现状.     

Teaching publishing in the United Kingdom

In an industry where technological change is rapid and where decisions have political, social, and cultural implications, it is unwise—and perhaps impossible—to separate practice from theory. By viewing publishing as the practice of a profession, educators can provide students with both the skills and the understanding they will need as publishers.     

城市化、工业化和收入水平对媒介消费水平的影响

本研究旨在考察中国不同地区(省份)的媒介消费形式(包括广告支出和受众消费)。与传统的相对常数假设(长期看,媒介消费占宏观经济的比重即媒介消费或广告密度是固定的)不同的是,本研究发现工业化水平、城镇化水平和城镇人均可支配收入综合影响着广告密度和媒介消费密度。工业化水平、城镇化水平和收入水平高的地区,其广告密度和媒介消费密度均高于其他地区,反之亦然。     

相对常数理论的困境和发展趋向

相对常数理论认为媒介消费与宏观经济之间存在着相对固定的比例关系,但实证研究并未能证实这一理论.文章认为未来的研究应从相对常数向媒介消费行为方向发展,运用微观经济学中的需求理论和消费者行为理论考察受众的媒介消费行为.     

Electronic Legal Deposit in the United Kingdom

The Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003 introduced for the first time in the United Kingdom a statutory basis for the collection by the legal deposit libraries of non-print, principally electronic, publications. Since the establishment of the Legal Deposit Advisory Panel in 2005, progress has been made in starting to turn this enabling act into reality, through a mixture of voluntary codes and statutory regulation. Work so far has concentrated on three categories of materials, offline, “free Web,” and electronic periodicals, and on the conceptual division of the remainder of the universe of electronic publications. Electronic deposit introduces several issues not present in print deposit and new dimensions to more familiar issues, including detailed involvement of the publisher in setting up the deposit process, “territoriality” (the place of publication), electronic user access, digital rights management, digital preservation, and data protection.     

Bibliographic Access in the United Kingdom:

This paper describes three of the most important factors in the current provision of bibliographic access in the UK: the national bibliographic service; bibliographic standards and the booktrade; networking. These factors are considered against the background of the CEC DGXIIIB Plan of Action for Libraries in the EC.     

大众传媒在德国

作者基于对德国大众传播的深入考察 ,从体制定位、市场性操作等角度论述了德国大众传媒运作的一整套体系———社会共识、法律定制及新闻自由等 ,说明了德国大众传媒运作不仅受到法律保护 ,而且成为德国文化产业中一个强大支柱。作者还就德国政府对该行业的高度重视及由此建立起来的产业化运作机制等方面 ,为我们提出了启发性思考     

Economic Growth and Advertising Expenditures in Different Media in Different Countries

Newspaper advertising expenditures depend more strongly on economic development than advertising spent in other media. Gross domestic product (GDP), therefore, predicts ad spending better in countries where newspapers are an important advertising medium. GDP also predicts ad spending better in countries where a larger proportion of GDP is spent on advertising. Intermedia competition, on the other hand, has little impact. In conclusion, the authors propose to distinguish three advertising cultures where ad spending follows economic development in different ways.     

英国公共图书馆事业

本文通过对英国公共图书馆的实际考察,揭示了英国公共图书馆目前的发展状况、英国政府为发展公共图书馆所采取的一系列相关政策和英国公共图书馆在英国社会生活中发挥的作用。     

媒体“低俗风”形成的原因及对策探析

本文总结了媒体"低俗风"现象的几种主要表现,重点分析了这些现象形成的原因,并从4个方面提出了抵制媒体"低俗风"愈演愈烈趋势的应对措施,希望能给人们解决媒体"低俗风"问题提供一些有益参考。     

英国大学科研数据的管理

科研数据管理能够在一定程度上避免科研成果的丢失,促进科学信息共享与交流,切实保障科研工作者和机构利益,已逐渐成为图书馆学研究和实践的新领域。文章分析了英国大学科研数据管理的发展诱因,梳理了英国大学科研数据管理的现状及特点,最后提出了其科研数据管理对我国的启示。     

Media Publications of the United Nations

World Radio and Television (3.50), and World Press ($3,00)

George Codding's Broadcasting Without Barriers (1959, $3.00 in paper and a hardback is available)     

英美机构知识库的比较

文章针对OpenDOAR网站所登记注册的英美机构知识库进行调查,分析英美机构知识库发展概况,并主 要从机构知识库的主要类型及创建主体、创建软件应用情况、知识库容量大小、资源收录类型、学科分布、语种、开 放存取情况等方面进行比较,总结两国的主要相同点和差异,为中国机构知识库建设提供相应的启示。     

英国、芬兰出版实务及战略

2007年6月8日至19日,笔者随团赴英国和芬兰两个国家对6个出版公司(社)进行了出版工作考察.这6个出版公司(社)包括英国的康提纽姆出版公司、哈考特出版公司、圣贤出版公司、牛津大学出版社、剑桥大学出版社,芬兰的塔米出版公司.     

Freedom of information and its impact in the United Kingdom

The UK Parliament passed the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in November 2000 after 3 years of government White Papers, consultation papers, and various Bills. The author served as special adviser to the House of Commons Select Committee on Public Administration which oversaw the Government proposals for legislation and the progress of the Bill into the House of Commons. The FOIA introduced pro-active publication of information via Publication Schemes, which were introduced on a staggered basis across the public sector and on January 1, 2005, rights of individual access were granted to individuals. The Act covers well over 100,000 public authorities in the UK and includes both Houses of Parliament. There is a power to add private bodies to the Act's coverage. The Act covers UK, English, Welsh, and Northern Irish public authorities. Scotland has its own FOIA which was enacted by the Scottish Parliament in 2002. The paper will examine the operation of the UK legislation and the role of the Information Commissioner and the Information Tribunal which deal with complaints of refusal and appeals respectively. The jurisprudence has been voluminous and now the English courts are beginning to hear appeals from the tribunal. The article will examine the major trends of the legislation and the problems presented by the legislation. The Government has already issued vetoes under the Act overriding the Commissioner's decision to grant access to the Cabinet papers relating to the Cabinet discussion on entering into war with Iraq and then on devolution of power to Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales. The decisions to open up the files on MPs expenses have caused one of the major constitutional crises in the UK in the last 75 years. As well as examining the way the Act has been interpreted, the author will essay some preliminary analyses of the impact of the Act on the realization of government objectives in passing the Act. The FOIA does sit alongside other legislation allowing access to personal files and access to environmental information and the whole information debate is set in the context of heightened sensitivity and secrecy in time of the war on terror and the state's increasing capacity to demand, store, and share information. The UK experience of the information debate will be examined.     

开放数据在英、美政府中的应用及启示

开放数据是一种理念与实践,按照用户特定的需求和相应的互联网协议、规则、框架对Web数据进行开发、加工、存储、组织等管理活动,以实现局域和全部Web空间的数据开放、互通、共享,受到了政府、企业和一些行业如图书馆的重视与应用。英、美政府对开放数据的应用实践走在了世界的前列,其与W3C相关协议保持数据相同、数据保持完整性与统一性、建立政府信息开放门户网站平台等做法均值得我国政府和一些开放数据应用行业的借鉴。