从2006“全球通杯”洛阳4国女篮对抗赛看中国队与对手攻守能力的差异

采用数理统计、现场观察、录像分析等方法，对2006“全球通杯”洛阳4国女篮对抗赛中国队胜负原因进行分析。结果显示：本次对抗赛中国队与对手在防守能力上无较大差别；助攻、抢进攻篮板球、2分投篮、罚球次数多与失误次数少是中国队取胜的关键因素；投篮命中率低是本次对抗赛中国队失利的主要因素。     

A Children's Form of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory: The CSAI-2C

Given the nonexistence of a multidimensional competitive state anxiety inventory for children, the 27-item Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-2; Martens, Vealey, & Burton, 1990) was revised. The first phase of the process entailed administering a version (the CSAI-2C) with language modified for children ages 8 to 12 years (N = 119). Exploratory factor analysis supported a 3-dimensional competitive anxiety model (Cognitive Anxiety, Somatic Anxiety, and Confidence). The revised inventory includes 5 items per scale compared to the 9 items per scale on the CSAI-2. The second phase of test development for the CSAI-2C included adding items to assess Concentration Disruption (CD). Exploratory factor analytic procedures (N = 627) further supported the original 3 scales, but adequate measurement of the CD dimension was not evidenced. The final phase (N = 632), employing confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), demonstrated the psychometric worthiness of a 3-dimensional model in assessing competitive state anxiety using the CSAI-2C.     

2009～2010赛季CBA总决赛新疆队和广东队技战术对比分析

采用文献资料、数理统计、录像观察法对2009～2010赛季CBA总决赛新疆队和广东队5场比赛的队伍结构及技战术运用情况进行统计,对双方得分能力、投篮次数、得分关系、主要得分形式、罚球命中率、篮板球、助攻和犯规等进行对比和分析,结果表明:新疆队在总体得分能力、外线攻防能力、后场篮板球和助攻等方面和广东队相比存在一定的差距。     

对上海男排在近两季全国男排联赛上的技战术效果对比分析

通过比赛现场统计法、比赛录像统计法和数理统计法等,对上海男排在2013—2014年的全国男排联赛上22场比赛和2014—2015年全国男排联赛上的24场比赛进行技战术的统计分析,找出上海男排在近两届联赛赛中技战术上的优势和不足,并提出改进策略,为上海男排更有针对性的训练和备战2015—2016年全国联赛提供参考依据。     

第27届亚锦赛中国男篮失利场次技战术分析

运用文献资料、观察统计、逻辑分析等研究方法,对中国男篮在第27届亚锦赛中三场输球场次的数据进行分析。研究结果表明,中国男篮拥有身高优势但敌不过"小、快、灵"的韩国队,与具有欧洲风格的伊朗队存在较大差距,对阵各方面都不占优势的中华台北队也因为各种因素影响而输掉比赛,创造中国男篮一队自1975年参加亚锦赛至今的最差战绩。中国男篮现在必须摆正位置,认真总结,找出存在不足的根源,知耻而后勇,力争早日称雄于亚洲篮坛。     

Dependency,cultural identity and sporting landlords: a Scottish case‐study

Team games, initially and principally cricket but later other games, were played in mental asylums in various parts of Britain from the mid-nineteenth century, before being abandoned in the move to 'care in the community' from c.1980s. Taking as a detailed example the Norfolk Lunatic Asylum (later St Andrew's Hospital), this article examines the use of games in patient therapy. Games were originally confined to male patients but later included women. Using archival and interview sources we assess the value of such therapy, the response of the patients and the demise of the idea before the final closure of the hospital.     

Development of a Questionnaire Assessing School Physical Activity Environment

This study was designed to develop the Questionnaire Assessing School Physical Activity Environment (Q--SPACE) based on student perceptions. Twenty-eight items rated on 4-point Likert scales were administered to 244 middle school students in 9 schools. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the underlying structure of the items and 2 factors were extracted: physical environment (PE) and social environment (SE). Twelve and 8 items loaded saliently on PE (e.g., gym classes available) and SE (e.g., teacher encouragement), respectively. Factor scales had alpha coefficients of .86 (PE) and .81 (SE). One-week test–retest reliabilities for the factor scales of PE and SE were .78 and .72, respectively. Differences in PE scale scores across schools and PE and SE scale scores across student school physical activity behavior (e.g., participation on school teams) provided some evidence of scale construct validity. Overall, Q–SPACE demonstrates acceptable reliability for capturing middle school students' perceptions of school physical activity environment. The factorial validity needs to be assessed with confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing procedures.     

第28届奥运会中国男篮与世界强队的身体对抗分析

通过对中国男篮在28届奥运会上与世界强队攻守对抗过程中身体接触时技术运用质量，对身体接触不同部位、不同状态、不同场区的运用效果和犯规情况等方面的观察与分析，揭示出身体接触对篮球比赛中的攻防效果有重要影响；中国队员在身体接触状态中运用技术质量较差，反映出我国运动员运用身体接触时在力量、速度、反应、技术、灵活、主动性方面还有一定的差距。     

Development of an Evaluation Scale to Measure Participant Perceptions of After-School Enrichment Programs

The purpose of this study was to develop the Scale for After-School Enrichment Programs (SASEP) to assess the quality of after-school programs by participants. This study was completed over a 3-year period and through 3 phases: (a) formulation of the preliminary scale, (b) an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and (c) a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). During Year 1, the preliminary SASEP with 27 items with 3-point Likert response scales was formulated through a review of literature, open-ended surveys of program participants in 2 urban after-school programs (N = 754), and test of content validity. During the following 2 years, program participants (N = 4,091) responded to the preliminary scale at the end of each annual program. The data set was randomly split into two halves: one for EFA and the other for CFA. Using the criteria of an eigenvalue equal to or greater than 1.0 and a factor loading equal to or greater than .30 without double loading in the EFA with alpha extraction and promax rotation, 3 factors emerged with all 27 items retained: Personal and Social Benefits (11 items), School and Community Benefits (9 items), and Overall Program Benefits (7 items). These factors were consistent with the general program objectives. Based on the weighted least squares (WLS) estimation method in CFA, the 3-factor model was confirmed as providing good fit to the data. Discussions were undertaken in the context of the scale development and its application potential in after-school program evaluations.     

Development of the Exercise Motives and Gains Inventory

There are existing measures of exercise motives (what people want from exercise), but corresponding measures of gains (what people get) are needed, because motives and gains could influence each other and together influence other variables. An exercise motives and gains inventory (EMGI) was developed by creating gains scales to complement existing Exercise Motivations Inventory 2 scales. Confirmatory factor analyses of EMGI items established that items reflected their intended constructs; and that motive and gain constructs were distinct. Exploratory structural equation modeling of EMGI scales established that the higher-order structures of motives and gains were somewhat different: Appearance motive was associated with weight management, whereas appearance gain was associated with health and fitness. Paired-sample t-tests established that gains were less than motives in some instances (ill-health avoidance, positive health), and greater in others (e.g., affiliation, challenge). The EMGI can be used to investigate the consequences and causes of motives and gains.     

中国男子冰壶队与欧美强队扫冰技术能力对比——以2014男子冰壶世界锦标赛为例

冰壶运动中扫冰技术是对比赛过程产生影响的重要因素。利用文献资料、现场观察等研究方法,对2014男子冰壶世界锦标赛中国队与欧美强队扫冰技术能力进行对比分析,从中找出中国男子冰壶队与欧美强队在扫冰技术能力上的差别,提高中国男子冰壶队竞赛成绩。结果表明:扫冰技术在冰壶比赛中极为重要,对比赛的过程产生重要的影响;中国队与欧美强队相比扫冰技术能力相对较弱;在队投壶技术的稳定性方面中国队比欧美强要好。建议中国队在扫冰技术方面进行针对性训练,加强对冰壶运动轨迹产生影响因素的综合理解认识;增强扫冰技术团队配合能力;提高扫冰技术专项力量训练。     

从19届世界杯失球看现代足球的防守格局

就2010年第19届世界杯足球决赛阶段64场比赛的145个失球,对当今世界各大洲最高水平足球队在比赛防守中所暴露出各种现象进行分析和研究。结果表明：四大洲球队其失球的主要因素均以盯人不紧所占比例居首位;欧洲和美洲球队在比赛中的防守能力总体要好于亚洲和非洲球队;前四名球队因身体素质和技战术水平的差异,在失球的防守中各有不同特征表现。     

Quantitative analysis of Brazilian football players' organisation on the pitch

The purpose of this study was to characterise Brazilian teams' coverage area and spread on the pitch while attacking and defending and to analyse the teams' organisation in tackle and shot on goal situations. We obtained the trajectories of 223 players in eight games with a tracking method. Team area was defined as the area of the convex hull formed by players' positions. Team spread was defined as the Frobenius norm of the distance-between-player matrix. We calculated teams' area and spread over time and in situations of shots on goal (n = 233) and tackles (n = 1897). While the players attacked, spread and area (median +/- confidence interval) ranged from 322.9 +/- 0.8 to 387.8 +/- 1.0 m and from 905.4 +/- 4.4 to 1407.6 +/- 5.5 m2, respectively. On defence, the values were smaller (p < 0.05) and ranged from 283.4 +/- 0.9 to 325.8 +/- 0.9 m and from 773.8 +/- 4.6 to 1158.4 +/- 5.5 m2 for the spread and the area. In defending circumstances, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered shots on goal than when the teams performed tackles. In attacking situations, the teams presented a greater area and spread when they suffered tackles than when they performed shots on goal. The results allowed showing the attacking-defending interaction between Brazilian teams.     

Student Attitudes toward Physical Education

Abstract

A group of 199 college males completed the Wear physical education attitude inventory. The responding subjects were subsequently classified according to the size of the high school attended, the college of matriculation, and the physical education class in which they were currently enrolled. No significant variations in attitude scores toward physical education were found within the subgroups of each of the three classifications. However, a significant difference in attitude scores was found between the responses to the four categories of items of the inventory. A significant variation in response was obtained between the subset formed by the physiological and the social items and the subset created by the mental-emotional and general items of the Wear attitude inventory.     

Measuring athlete imagery ability: the sport imagery ability questionnaire

This research aimed to develop and provide initial validation of the Sport Imagery Ability Questionnaire (SIAQ). The SIAQ assesses athletes' ease of imaging different types of imagery content. Following an extensive pilot study, 375 athletes completed a 20-item SIAQ in Study 1. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4-factor model assessing skill, strategy, goal, and affect imagery ability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) established this 4-factor structure in Study 2 (N = 363 athletes). In Study 3 (N = 438 athletes), additional items were added to create a fifth mastery imagery subscale that was confirmed through CFA. Study 4 (N = 220 athletes) compared the SIAQ to the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-3. Significant bivariate correlations (p < .05) confirmed the SIAQ's concurrent validity but demonstrated differences in imagery ability of different content. Overall, the SIAQ demonstrates good factorial validity, internal and temporal reliability, invariance across gender, and an ability to distinguish among athletes of different competitive levels. Findings highlight the importance of separately assessing imagery ability of different content.     

TGMD-3在中国3~12岁儿童基本运动技能测试中的信效度研究

目的: 验证TGMD-3在中国3~12岁儿童基本运动技能测试中的可靠性和有效性。方法: 选取上海、深圳、重庆、洛阳、长沙的512名3~12岁儿童为研究对象进行TGMD-3测试,对测试的难度、区分度、一致性信度、重测信度和评价者信度、结构效度进行统计检验。结果: TGMD-3的13个项目难度范围为0.27~0.78,区分度范围为0.38~0.49。每个年龄组儿童基本运动技能测试(TGMD-3)的内部一致性系数范围为0.808~0.902,其中男女生的内部一致性系数均为0.95;总体的基本运动技能评价者信度(肯德尔协同系数)w为0.944, 2值为28.331,达到显著性水平;重测检验中,移动式运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.755、球类运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.741、总的基本运动技能(组内相关系数)ICC为0.743,均达到了较高水平。通过探索性因子分析验证了TGMD-3的双因子结构,并通过验证性因子分析支持双因子模型(χ²(64)=103.28,p<0.001,CFI=0.960,TLI=0.952,RMSEA=0.049,SRMR=0.043)。结论: TGMD-3儿童基本运动技能测试具有良好的项目难度、区分度,以及可靠的内部一致性信度、重测信度和结构效度,对我国3~12岁儿童具有良好的适用性,可以作为我国儿童基本运动技能发展评价的有效工具。     

Sport team personality: It’s not all about winning!

As there is still no commonly accepted scale to measure the brand personality of sport teams, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate the Sport Team Personality Scale (STPS) in a professional sport context. The authors conducted a series of studies in the United States and United Kingdom with fans of the English Premier League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Football League, and the National Hockey League. The STPS contains 18 items that load onto six factors: success, talent, entertainment, dedication, admiration, and care. The authors compared this new scale with existing sport team personality scales and used it to explore team identification and perceptual similarities and differences among teams. Results indicate that teams map along performance (i.e., success and talent) and character (i.e., admiration and care) factors and that the character factor is a more important source of team identification than the performance factor. Taken together, these results illustrate how the STPS can help sport managers position and differentiate teams within a league to improve marketing outcomes.     

Validating the youth sport enjoyment construct in high school physical education

The present study was undertaken to develop and validate a questionnaire measuring teaching processes related to physical education (PE) enjoyment. Scanlan and Lewthwaite's (1986) youth sport enjoyment model provided the theoretical foundation for this work. Content validity and item readability of the instrument were established by obtaining feedback from eight experts in psychology and four highly experienced secondary school teachers. Construct validity was then established by conducting exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on data from 304 secondary school students (grades 8, 9, and 10). As a result of these analyses, six teaching processes related to PE enjoyment were identified: self-referent competency (four items), other-referent competency (four items), teacher-generated excitement (three items), activity-generated excitement (five items), peer interaction (two items), and parental encouragement (two items). Correlation analyses revealed that all of these processes were positively correlated with PE enjoyment. The weakest correlation was between peer interaction and enjoyment (r = .31, p < .05), and the strongest was between activity-generated excitement and enjoyment (r = .83, p < .05). We believe that the instrument is appropriate for studying affective outcomes within physical educational settings among students in grades 8, 9, and 10.     

对男篮世界冠军决赛的首、再投得分势态类型探讨

对美国梦队和前苏联队四次冠军决赛的研究,说明世界冠军的得分势态类型和成因及形成攻、防、抢良性循环的指标依据。