Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is one of the most frequently used instruments when assessing competitive state anxiety in sport psychology research. However, doubts have been expressed about the factorial validity of both the English and the Greek versions of the scale. Hence, a revised version of the inventory (CSAI-2R) has recently been suggested to be more psychometrically sound (Cox et al., 2003). In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CSAI-2 using confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 969 athletes (571 men and 398 women) competing in 26 different sports completed the Swedish version of the CSAI-2. Three different factor structures were evaluated: the original three-factor model (with cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence), a two-factor model in which self-confidence was excluded, and a three-factor model containing 17 items (CSAI-2R). The results revealed that only the 17-item model displayed an acceptable fit to the data. Although some doubts remain about the amount of variance that can be attributed to error variance in the subscales, the results suggest that it is better to use the CSAI-2R rather than the original CSAI-2.     

Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2): Evaluating the Swedish version by confirmatory factor analyses

The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) is one of the most frequently used instruments when assessing competitive state anxiety in sport psychology research. However, doubts have been expressed about the factorial validity of both the English and the Greek versions of the scale. Hence, a revised version of the inventory (CSAI-2R) has recently been suggested to be more psychometrically sound (Cox et al., ). In the present study, the aim was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the CSAI-2 using confirmatory factor analyses. A total of 969 athletes (571 men and 398 women) competing in 26 different sports completed the Swedish version of the CSAI-2. Three different factor structures were evaluated: the original three-factor model (with cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence), a two-factor model in which self-confidence was excluded, and a three-factor model containing 17 items (CSAI-2R). The results revealed that only the 17-item model displayed an acceptable fit to the data. Although some doubts remain about the amount of variance that can be attributed to error variance in the subscales, the results suggest that it is better to use the CSAI-2R rather than the original CSAI-2.     

运用CSAI-2问卷对上海市大学生运动员赛前焦虑和状态自信心的研究

已修订出中国常模的CSAI-2问卷是信度和效度高的多维焦虑测量工具,它包括三个分量表:认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑和状态自信心。运用该问卷测查235名参加大学生运动会田径和篮球比赛的被试赛前焦虑反应和状态自信必,结果表明:(1)躯体状态焦虑的强度是区分田径和篮球项目类型良好的预测因子;(2)认知状态焦虑的强度是区分运动技能水平或临场技能发挥得好坏的良好预测因子;(3)竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心的强度与被试主观上所认知到的任务难度密切有关。因此,为使运动员有适宜的竞赛焦虑反应和状态自信心,教练员除了不断提高运动员的技能水平之外,应当结合项目的要求加强对运动员的心理训练(尤其是认知训练),并注意在赛前激起他们符合任务特征的唤醒水平。     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure ofthe Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) using confirmatory factor analysis. Volunteer participants (n= 1213) completed the CSAI-2 approximately 1 h before competition and the data were analysed in two samples. The hypothesized model showed poor fit indices in both samples independently (Robust Comparative Fit Index: sample A=0.82, sample B =0.84) and simultaneously (Comparative FitIndex = 0.83), suggesting that the factor structure proposed by Martens et al. is flawed. Our findings suggest that a limitation of the Cognitive Anxiety scale derives from phrasing items around the word ‘concerned’ rather than ‘worried’. We suggest that being concerned about an impending performance does not necessarily mean that an athlete is experiencing negative thoughts, but that the athlete is acknowledging the importance and difficulty of the challenge and is attempting to mobilize resources to cope. The present results question the use of the CSAI-2 as a valid measure of competitive state anxiety.     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factor structure of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) using confirmatory factor analysis. Volunteer participants (n = 1213) completed the CSAI-2 approximately 1 h before competition and the data were analysed in two samples. The hypothesized model showed poor fit indices in both samples independently (Robust Comparative Fit Index: sample A = 0.82, sample B = 0.84) and simultaneously (Comparative Fit Index = 0.83), suggesting that the factor structure proposed by Martens et al. is flawed. Our findings suggest that a limitation of the Cognitive Anxiety scale derives from phrasing items around the word 'concerned' rather than 'worried'. We suggest that being concerned about an impending performance does not necessarily mean that an athlete is experiencing negative thoughts, but that the athlete is acknowledging the importance and difficulty of the challenge and is attempting to mobilize resources to cope. The present results question the use of the CSAI-2 as a valid measure of competitive state anxiety.     

我国优秀坐式排球运动员竞赛状态焦虑的研究

主要运用心理测量法,对参加第6届全国残疾人运动会的31名坐式排球运动员竞赛状态焦虑进行研究。结果表明:坐式排球运动员和全国常模球类组运动员相比,竞赛状态焦虑处于同一水平;不同性别的、不同位置的坐式排球运动员竞赛状态焦虑无差异;不同训练年限的坐式排球运动员在状态自信心上有显著差异(t=210,P<005),其他维度无差异。证明长期系统训练对残疾人克服心理障碍有益,建议动员社会力量为坐式排球训练创造条件,支持坐式排球的发展。     

不同压力和暗示对运动状态焦虑的影响

研究中,方便抽样抽取63名被试者,随机分配到低压力和高压力情景中的积极暗示组、消极暗示组和控制组。结果发现,对比低压力,高压力下消极暗示提高状态焦虑程度、降低状态自信水平。研究结果提示：较大的比赛压力下,教练员不应对运动员消极暗示,而应是积极暗示,这样可能会有效地降低竞赛状态焦虑、提升状态自信。     

新疆武术运动员的竞赛状态焦虑的研究与分析

文章以2005年新疆维吾尔自治区首届体育大会武术比赛的运动员为研究对象,采用美国运动心理学家Martens(1990)编制,并由祝蓓里教授修订(1994)的“运动竞赛状态焦虑量表”,(简称为CSAI-2问卷)为测试工具。结果表明:在性别、年龄组双因素方差分析中,运动员的躯体状态焦虑在性别、年龄组上的主效应差异显著,性别×年龄组的交互作用差异也显著,运动员在状态自信心上,性别主效应差异显著。     

射击运动员目标取向与竞赛状态焦虑的关系

目的:探讨射击运动员目标取向、竞赛状态焦虑的特点及二者之间的关系.方法:采用射击运动员目标取向测验和竞赛状态焦虑问卷对国家射击队、辽宁射击队、北京市射击队36名射击运动员进行调查.结果:(1)射击运动员的任务取向显著高于自我取向.国际健将级运动员任务取向显著高于国家健将和国家一级运动员,而自我取向显著低于后两者;(2)射击运动员的状态自信心得分较高.国家一级运动员的认知状态焦虑显著高于国际健将级和国家健将级运动员;国际健将级运动员的躯体状态焦虑显著低于国家一级运动员;国际健将级运动员的状态自信心显著高于国家健将级和国家一级运动员;(3)自我取向高分组的运动员认知状态焦虑更高,状态自信心更低;任务取向高分组的运动员认知和躯体状态焦虑更低,状态自信心更高.(4)自我取向显著正向预测认知状态焦虑,解释率为31.3%;任务取向显著负向预测躯体状态焦虑,解释率为17%;自我取向显著负向预测状态自信心,解释率为27.3%,任务取向显著正向预测状态自信心,解释率为35.5%.结论:运动级别越高的运动员越倾向于任务取向,认知和躯体状态焦虑越低,状态自信心越高.     

Psychometric Note on the Reliability of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test: Form C

Abstract

Data collected from 736 fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children using Martens SCAT-C yielded moderately high values of split half reliability. Internal consistency coefficients were relatively high (.81 to .85) and similar to the values reported in the Martens test manual when calculated using the appropriate test, eliminating use of the KR-20. The SCAT-C was also found to be generalizable to fourth grade populations even though originally its use was not intended with this age group.     

试论田径运动中的竞技状态与最佳竞技状态

运动员取得的竞技状态是呈波动型的,一般赛事和训练应使运动员的有机体处于竞技状态波动的波峰期,重大比赛应使运动员有机体处于竞技状态波动的最高波峰期。     

我国优秀武术套路运动员竞赛状态焦虑的探析

通过对中国优秀武术套路运动员关于竞赛状态焦虑的问题进行问卷和现场调研,结果表明：1）不同训练年限、不同运动等级的运动员在认知状态焦虑、躯体状态焦虑、状态自信心上具有显著性差异;2）运动员得分与认知状态焦虑有显著负相关性、与状态自信心呈正相关、与躯体状态焦虑呈倒U关系;3）通过探索分析得出赛前预测运动成绩好坏的客观指标。以期为教练员在训练及比赛中高效处理优秀武术运动员的竞赛状态焦虑提供参考。     

竞赛自信及竞赛焦虑与注意指向:探点反应时实验的提示

根据Ｓｐｉｅｌｂｅｒｇｅｒ＾「１」关于认知评价与焦虑反应关系的 临床心理关于威胁指向性注意的研究成果,研究假设,在内隐认知的层次上,将注意更多地指向威肋性信息,是低部赛特质自信和高竞赛特质焦虑的特点之一;将注意更多地指向积极性信息,是高竞赛特质自信和低竞赛特质焦虑的特点之一。对４０名运动员进行的探点反应时实验表明,高竞赛躯体焦虑运动员的主要注意特征表现为较少关注积极信息。注意指向未能有效地预测竞赛     

运动竞赛焦虑多维度研究综述

对多维焦虑理论在体育运动中应用的研究进行综述,目的是了解目前体育运动领域中竞赛焦虑多维度研究的现状,揭示竞赛焦虑对运动成绩的作用及其内在机制,力图发现目前研究中的缺陷并寻找可能的研究方向。     

运动锻炼对研究生群体焦虑状态的影响

研究生群体作为社会的高层次人才,正面临着来自学业、就业、人际、经济等多方面的压力,这也为其带来众多心理问题,其中最为显著的是焦虑问题。本文分析了研究生群体焦虑状态产生的原因,并探究运动锻炼对研究生群体焦虑状态的缓解作用。     

跳高运动员焦虑问题的初步研究

本文采用斯皮伯格的状态 -特质调查表 ,对我国部分跳高运动员的特质焦虑和状态焦虑进行了初步研究 ,揭示了跳高运动员焦虑的现状和特点 ,阐述了焦虑与提高比赛成绩之间的内在联系 ,为跳高运动员克服心理障碍 ,控制和调节焦虑水平提供科学依据。     

青少年运动员的自我意识和特质焦虑对赛前状态焦虑的影响

通过对74名青少年运动员的问卷调查,采用相关分析：和逐步回归分析的统计方法,分析了青少年运动员的自我意识和特质焦虑对赛前状态焦虑的影响。研究表明：①青少年运动员的自我意识、特质焦虑和状态焦虑呈显著正相关;②青少年运动员的特质焦虑和自我意识能预测认知状态焦虑27．1％的方差变异;③青少年运动员的特质焦虑能预测躯体状态焦虑10．8％的方差变异。     

河南省竞技体育发展态势

以文献资料法、数理统计法和逻辑分析法为主,对河南竞体育的全运会成绩变化的特征、优势项目分布特征及河南竞技体育的总体发展态势进行分析,研究结果认为:河南竞技体育发展水平比较平稳,成绩稳定在奖牌和总分的前10名左右;各竞技项目发展水平均衡;射击、自行车、划船、武术已成为河南竞技体育的传统优势项目,优势项目偏冷且与中国奥运会优势项目不接轨。     

优秀运动员最佳竞技状态研究综述

目的本研究运用文献资料法对优秀运动员最佳竞技状态的概念形成、最佳竞技状态内容、最佳竞技状态特征、最佳竞技状态影响因素、最佳竞技状态培养几个方面进行了梳理和总结,以期为我国优秀运动员最佳竞技状态的培养提供.     

论竞技太极拳与音乐相结合的演练形式

竞技武术是顺应时代的产物,是中国传统武术与西方竞技体育相融合、完善、发展之后产生的,是对武术比赛的一次革新和突破,同时引导武术向“高难新美”的方向发展.太极拳是一项具有独特节奏与韵律的运动,将之与音乐相结合,不仅是对动作节拍、节奏上的提示,更重要的是借助音乐所蕴含的情绪与氛围来烘托运动员的演练.然而近年来运动员在太极拳比赛中配乐仍存在诸多问题,如何将音乐与竞技太极拳套路更完美的融合仍是一个亟待解决的问题.