Students’ Perceptions of Code-Switching in Natural Sciences Classrooms: A South African Perspective

Although South Africa is a multilingual country with 11 official languages, English dominates as the language of teaching and instruction in almost all schools. In addition to this, the Natural Sciences teachers at the school of study were cautioned not to use code-switching because the school policy states that the medium of instruction should be exclusively English. Recently, students at this school complained about teachers who had been code-switching between one or more indigenous languages and English. The objectives of this investigation, therefore, were to explore the perceptions of Grade 8 students regarding code-switching in Natural Sciences classrooms, their perceptions of the effect of code-switching on their academic achievement and also how the use of this teaching strategy influenced their respect for their teacher. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire and the findings revealed that students believed that the use of code-switching confused many students, resulting in underachievement in Natural Sciences and that they respected teachers more when they taught in English only.     

课堂语码转换的人际功能

英语课堂中的语码转换非常普遍。以前人们大多关注双语或多语社区中自然话语中的语码转换现象,较少考察语言课堂中语言转换的问题,为此着重调查英语课堂上教师话语中语码转换及其产生的原因,并分析英语课堂教师语码转换的人际功能。语言既是一种社会现象,它具有不同的功能,按照韩礼德的功能三分说分为概念功能,人际功能和语篇功能。语言功能的实现是通过语言形式的选择。课堂话语中的语码转换与自然话语的语码转换有相似之处,但也有其自己的特征。教师在语言选择时除了表达一定的概念意义还表达了不同的人际意义,也反映了课堂参与者之间不同的人际关系。     

大学生口语汉英语码转换的社会功能探析

语码转换（Code-switching）是指双语者在同一或不同话轮中,对两种语言进行交替使用的双语现象或双语言语行为。在以往研究的基础上,通过研究和探讨大学生口语汉英语码转换现象,进一步证实了有关语码转换的社会功能的相关理论,并对其进行了总结和归类,以期对语码转换社会功能的理论框架有所完善。     

用帕普拉的语言接触理论解释外语课堂语码转换

本文通过考查五位教授在课堂上的语码转换,并利用帕普拉的语言接触理论来解释语言学习高级阶段的课堂语码转换现象。结果表明语码转换在这一阶段的课堂教学中仍然扮演着十分重要的角色,教师应根据学生水平,课程设置等因素适时适量使用语码转换。     

基于语料库的课堂语码转换结构探究

文章基于课堂话语语料库对教师课堂语码转换的结构模式进行定性和定量的分析。通过分析发现,教师课堂语码转换存在不同结构模式。这些模式表现在不同的语言层面,如词、短语和小句层面。这些结构模式对教师语码转换的功能具有决定性意义。教师在语码转换过程中选择不同的结构模式是为了不同的教学功能。     

Rationale and strategies for American Sign Language intervention

A Midwest school district established a demonstration Total Communication Project. Its goal was for teachers to become consistent in their role modeling of English and American Sign Language (ASL). English was the primary language of the classroom and ASL was used as an intervention tool. There has been little research on the effectiveness of ASL in the classroom. By implementing an ASL intervention program this project is a first step in establishing an environment conducive to investigating the effectiveness of ASL intervention for teaching deaf students. This paper describes: (a) techniques used for identifying classroom situations that call for the use of ASL; (b) discourse situations that influence the use of different language codes in total communication classrooms; and (c) guidelines for code-switching between English and ASL.     

中学英语课堂中教师语码转换使用的态度研究

语码转换在中学英语课堂上是一个非常普遍的现象。探讨中学英语课堂师生对教师语码转换使用的态度差异,有助于教师正确运用语码转换策略,挖掘语码转换在中学英语教学中的积极潜能,发挥语码转换在课堂教学中的作用。     

Communicating about science and engineering practices and the nature of science: An exploration of American Sign Language resources

Science classrooms have been demonstrated to be educational contexts with unique and challenging language demands. Enhanced cognitive and linguistic demands arising from an emphasis on the science and engineering practices (SEPs) and the nature of science (NOS) in the Next Generation Science Standards warrant consideration of how to support students with different language abilities. Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students must negotiate multiple languages in the science classroom, including academic science vocabulary, written English, and spoken American Sign Language (ASL). However, science-specific ASL vocabulary is rather limited, and current development efforts mostly focus on developing signs for more traditional content vocabulary. Yet, effective science instruction for DHH students must also provide them opportunities to engage in and communicate about the NOS and the functions of the SEPs. The current study explores the availability of such ASL resources across a body of science-specific resources available for teachers of DHH students. Reviewing a body of publicly available resources, researchers identified a small list of 21 ASL signs that are common across multiple resources. These signs, and the larger data set, were reviewed to identify trends and patterns across them and how well they communicate scientific meanings for NOS and the SEPs. Issues that emerged and classroom implications are discussed.     

Language policies and practices in Tanzania and South Africa: problems and challenges

The authors of the present article are engaged in a research project funded by the Norwegian Research Council. In this project the language policies of Tanzania and South Africa, as well as the practices of these policies in the classroom are analyzed. The article gives some preliminary results from the project. While the language policies of Tanzania are described as confusing, contradictory, and ambiguous, the language policies of South Africa seem clearer and more progressive. In Tanzania, Kiswahili is seen as the national language, while both Kiswahili and English are official languages. The issue of language has, however, disappeared from the constitution in Tanzania. In the constitution of South Africa, 11 languages are official and seen as equal. But when it comes to practice in the classroom in both countries, the majority of the learners struggle to learn academic content because of the foreign medium that is used as the language of instruction from secondary school onwards in Tanzania and already from the fourth grade in primary school in South Africa. The research reported here shows that whatever the official policies may be the teachers in the classrooms will use whatever language they and their students feel most comfortable with. Examples are given here of the coping strategies teachers and learners use in both countries like translations, code-mixing and code-switching. At the end of the day the learners have to write their exams in English however. The language in education policy in most African countries lead many African pupils to fall even further behind. What seems to be a learning problem or a matter of bad grade, drop out and repetition is really a language problem.     

Explicating Epistemic Process in Elementary Students’ Language Use by Practical Epistemology and Discourse Register Analyses

Research in Science Education - This study provides two exemplars of how grammatical analysis of language use in elementary science classroom discourse enhances the explication of students’...     

语码转换在英语教学中的作用

在英语课堂教学中,教师或者学生都会使用到语码转换。我们应了解其功用及存在的原因。这种了解会帮助语言教学的老师意识到语码转换在课堂语境中的使用,并通过减少或者控制它的使用来达到更好的教学效果。     

Production and reception formats: an alternative participation framework for analysis of classroom discourse?

This article aims to offer an alternative to traditional participation frameworks used to analyse teacher/pupil talk in the classroom. Within curricular areas where learners are encouraged to articulate their own meaning and be creative in their use of language, a traditional participation framework, such as Intitation, Response, Follow‐up, may not be appropriate to capture the interaction that takes place between teachers and learners, nor how the learners' developing understanding may be tracked effectively. Examples from the modern languages classroom are used to illustrate the way Goffman's production format and Wadensjö's reception format can be employed effectively in the analysis of classroom discourse to track the way teachers scaffold pupils' learning through interactive processes leading to successful expression of understanding.     

教师语码转换的顺应论解释

语用学家Verschueren在其新著《语用学的理解》中提出了语言运用基于“选择—顺应”的理论。文章正是基于Verschueren的语言顺应论,对教师语码转换现象做出解释,旨在阐明教师语码转换是对语言现实、教师角色、学生情况、教师心理现实和外语课堂教学特殊性所做的顺应。     

Ethnic minority students from South Asia in Hong Kong: language ideologies and discursive identity construction

This article explores how ethnic minority students in Hong Kong secondary schools discursively construct their identities in relation to culture, heritage, and social discourse. It finds that the ethnic minority students negotiate their identities within multiple positioning from parents, school, and the broader social discourse on minority languages and cultures. It also finds that they construct contradictory language ideologies when attempting to legitimate their heritage languages and to illegitimate the status of Chinese in the social context. The findings indicate that the participants tend to establish an essentialized cultural difference between their heritage culture and host culture. It argues that fixed and stereotyped views towards language practices and culture may lead to antagonistic relations between the ethnic minority students and locals, and become obstacles to their socialization and integration into the mainstream community. The implications for establishing a flexible and relational view on cultural differences and language use are explored.     

Code switching for college students on campus

<正>I.Introduction In linguistics,code-switching is the concurrent use of more than one language,or language variety,in discourse.Code-switching is a worldwide linguistic phenomenon existing in bilingual or multilingual communities.College students in China,after years of English learning,are bilingually competent underlying codeswitching between Chinese and English.Studies or research     

歌词语篇中语码转换的功能分析

语码转换是双语或多语语言环境中的一种常见现象。在以汉语为主体语言的歌词语篇中,英语和汉语之间的语码转换相当普遍,这些转换主要出现在港台歌曲以及改革开放以来的中国内地的流行歌曲中。歌词语篇中的语码转换既有同一切语码转换相同的功能,又有其特定功能,这些功能可以从语言本身以及语言使用和社会的关系等角度进行分析。     

Classroom Discourse Analysis in Language Teaching

This paper begins with a brief introduction of discourse analysis,and then it discusses two aspects of traditional classroom teaching discourse: the I-R-F sequence and turn-taking.The emphases of the paper lay on how language teachers can use classroom discourse analysis to do research and create learning environment,and how language learners can use it to achieve language proficiency and cultural competence.     

Hybrid discourse practice and science learning

In this article, we report on a study of how creative linguistic practices (which we call hybrid discourse practices) were enacted by students in a fifth-grade science unit on barn owls and how these practices helped to produce a synergistic micro-community of scientific practice in the classroom that constituted a fertile space for students (and the teacher) to construct emergent but increasingly legitimate and dynamic disciplinary knowledges and identities. Our findings are important for the ways in which they demonstrate (a) how students use hybrid discourse practices to self-scaffold their work within complex curricular tasks and when they are not completely sure about how to enact these tasks (b) how hybrid discourse practices can promote inquiry orientations to science, (c) how hybrid discourse practices index new and powerful forms of science pedagogy, and (d) how hybrid discourse practices are relevant to more global issues such as the crucial roles of language fluency and creativity, which are known prerequisites for advanced science learning and which aid students in developing skills that are necessary for entry into science and technology careers.