注意力缺陷多动障碍超常儿童:特质、鉴别与干预

从特质、鉴别以及干预等方面综述了国内外注意力缺陷多动障碍超常儿童的研究进展.描述ADHD儿童与超常儿童共存的特质,对ADHD超常儿童与一般超常儿童和ADHD儿童进行比较;介绍智力测验、行为观察和创造力测验等多种鉴别方法,通过不同方法对多种能力进行评估可提高鉴别准确性;对ADHD超常儿童进行教育干预,既要通过药物和行为治疗,弥补其缺陷,更要设计合理的超常教育方案,促进其潜能的实现.     

The Delicious Alphabet

The Delicious Alphabet is a book consisting of photographs of sweets, drinks and savouries, arranged to correspond to the letters of the alphabet. It grew out of the author's concerns to support emergent reading and writing in ways which acknowledge young children's familiarity with community print. Ann Ketch discusses children's responses to the book and describes the direction her thinking is taking as a result of observing children reading it.     

Children Diagnosed ADHD: Factors to guide intervention

Psychological, sociological and learning issues and their possible relevance to the behaviour of children diagnosed ADHD were investigated. A questionnaire containing 29 items derived from recommendations for assessment considerations presented in the British Psychological Society's Working Party Report, ADHD-A Psychological Response to an Evolving Concept , was circulated to schools. Teachers provided views as to the extent these items were having a bearing on behaviour for a cohort of 239 pupils. Two main areas of influence were identified-learning difficulties and psychological problems. Correlation analyses suggested clusters of influential items within these two areas occur according to the educational year of the child. A general trend emerged suggesting that as children get older, psychological problems have an increasingly significant bearing on presenting behaviour. Poor literacy is highlighted as a significant area of concern across a range of year groups. The research reveals serious flaws in the effectiveness of inter-professional liaison. Findings are discussed in relation to providing a framework for detailed assessment of factors that may influence behaviour, and thus for planning effective intervention. The value of the ADHD label is questioned.     

Assessing ADHD Symptoms in Preschool Children: Use of the ADHD Symptoms Rating Scale

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that is typically diagnosed during the school years, although features of the disorder can be identified in early childhood. As more children enter into preschool programs, there are increasing opportunities for professionals to identify and treat ADHD prior to school entry. This may increase the likelihood that children will have successful academic and social experiences. Unfortunately, diagnosing ADHD in preschoolers is difficult, in part because few assessment instruments are designed and validated for this age group. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric and normative properties of the ADHD-Symptoms Rating Scale (ADHD-SRS) in preschool children. Results shed light on normative levels of ADHD behaviors in preschool children and suggest that preschoolers may present with a somewhat different symptom pattern than school-age children. Further, findings reveal that parents are more likely to endorse ADHD symptoms in their children than are teachers. Given this disparity, the current data emphasize the need for cross-informant assessment in the preschool population.     

Less Stress,More Rewarding: Parenting Children With Down Syndrome

Objective. We argue that, compared to other children with disabilities, parents of children with Down syndrome may experience less stress and more rewards. Design. After reviewing changes in studies examining parenting children with disabilities, we note how specific genetic disorders predispose children to different, etiology-related behaviors, which in turn predispose their parents to particular reactions. We then survey studies of both stress and rewardingness in parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities. Results. Parents of children with Down syndrome report less stress and more child-related rewards than parents of children with other disabilities; indeed, parents of children with Down syndrome may feel equally rewarded compared to parents of same-aged typical children. Conclusions. By comparing feelings of parents of children with Down syndrome versus children with other disabilities, we begin to understand which child behaviors bring about which parental reactions. Such information provides both theoretical and practical benefits to professionals interested in parenting.     

从多子多福到丁克的转变看我国生育观念变迁

传统社会所形成的＂多子多福＂生育观念传承了中国社会几千年,随着社会的不断变迁,人们思想观念发生了变革,＂丁克＂在中国悄然出现并越来越有影响力。文章主要从多子多福到丁克的转变来分析我国生育观念的巨大变迁,同时分析其对我国社会产生的巨大影响。     

注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童的特征及干预策略

ADHD儿童有着和一般儿童不同的神经生理特点、认知特点、行为特点等，应该从整体上认识和训练ADHD儿童。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍研究现状与动向

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍是一种发展性的异常,是儿童期最为常见的最复杂的情绪与行为障碍之一。本文对儿童ADHD研究的热点即成因研究和干预研究的已有成果进行了归纳和总结,并分析了目前研究的趋势,以期为今后的研究提供一些科学的参考。     

Giftedness,ADHD, and overexcitabilities: The possibilities of misinformation

Statewide support for gifted education was assessed through a public opinion telephone survey. Results from the poll and suggestions for replicating the model are given. Public relations strategies are discussed in reference to information gleaned from this type of assessment of public support for gifted education.     

Peer Problems Among Postinstitutionalized,Internationally Adopted Children: Relations to Hypocortisolism,Parenting Quality,and ADHD Symptoms

Seventy-eight postinstitutionalized (PI) children adopted at ages 17–36 months were assessed 2, 8, 16, and 24 months postadoption on measures of cortisol and parenting quality, and compared to same-aged children adopted from foster care (FC, n = 45) and nonadopted children (NA, n = 45). In kindergarten (M_age = 6.0 years), teachers, parents, and trained observers completed measures of peer relationships and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. PI children had more peer problems and ADHD symptoms according to teachers and observers than NA children with FC children in between, whereas both PI and FC children were at significantly greater risk of hypocortisolism (i.e., blunted cortisol diurnal rhythm and reactivity). Hypocortisolism and ADHD symptoms mediated the association between preadoption adversity and peer difficulties. Higher postadoption parenting quality was protective.     

两亚型注意缺陷多动障碍儿童反应时的个体内变异性研究

采用传统的go/no-go任务,并将刺激间的时间间隔设置为1秒和4秒,考察在不同的注意负荷强度下,两亚型ADHD儿童反应时个体内变异性的特点,并应用指数—高斯(ex-Gaussian)模型对数据进行分析。结果发现:(1)ADHD儿童个体内变异性大于普通儿童。两亚型ADHD儿童个体内变异性没有差异,但注意缺陷型儿童在注意负荷强度增大的情况下,其反应时的个体内变异性变大。(2)在排除过长反应时的影响后,注意缺陷型儿童的平均反应时长且变异性大,表明其基本的信息加工能力落后;混合型儿童虚报率高,其反应抑制能力落后。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童综合干预的研究

综合干预是上世纪90年代关国国家精神卫生研究所针对注意缺陷多动障碍儿童药物治疗的不足,而提出的一种干预策略。但在国内这方面的系统干预比较少见。上海市教育科学研究院普教所与上海市精神卫生中心、实验学校合作,在两年半的时间内进行两轮为期综合干预的实验研究,结果表明综合干预组比药物组、控制组,在注意与多动,适应行为、自尊水平和数学学业成绩方面有显著的改善与提高。本报告是第二轮实验的总结。     

Explicit Instruction in Decoding Benefits Children High in Phonemic Awareness and Alphabet Knowledge

This article reports a study of 32 children who had been trained to a high level in phonemic awareness and alphabet knowledge over a 12-week period at preschool. During their first 6 weeks in kindergarten, these phonemically aware children were taught to read 10 real words, using either decoding and encoding techniques or a whole word method. At posttesting the children taught by the decoding and encoding method were superior in reading and writing both novel real words and pseudowords, compared to the whole word group. The results support the contention that explicit instruction in decoding is helpful even when children have high levels of phonemic awareness.     

略谈初中英语"字母、音素、音标"

要学好英语字母和语音,要有一套符合学生实际情况的教材.2000年秋季,我校开始使用《初中英语语音实验教学教材》.这一教材料学地揭示了字母、音素、音标三者之间的内在联系,全书共11课,每课设有教学要求,教学内容,基础训练,小知识和情景会话共5个项目.第1至第6课为第一单元,主要是学习字母、音素,第7至第11课为第二单元,主要学习音标.充分体现了字母、音素、音标三位一体的特点,笔者概括这本《教材》的结构,在时间上作了合理的安排.     

两类注意力缺损多动障碍儿童的差异及教育对策

两类ADHD儿童(伴多动ADHD和不伴多动ADHD型)在行为特征、学习表现、生理心理机制上存在差异,对于不同亚类型的ADHD儿童,教师应该采取不同的管理策略和教育方法,对伴多动的ADHD应以管理问题行为为主,采取行为矫正技术,而对不伴多动的ADHD的帮助应以提高其学习能力为主。