Factorial Validity and Invariance Testing of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in Swedish and Portuguese Exercisers

The present study investigated the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised using 162 Swedish and 269 Portuguese exercisers. In addition, the prevalence of exercise dependence symptoms and links to exercise behavior, gender, and age in the two samples was also studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the hypothesized 7-factor model made a good fit to data in both samples. Multi-sample analyses supported partial measurement invariance across the samples; only factor loadings involving items 3 and 19 were noninvariant. The “Reduction in Other Activities” and “Lack of Control” factors were the most problematic scales in terms of average variance explained and reliability measures of weighted omega and Cronbach's alpha. In total, 9.2% of the Swedish sample and 5.2% of the Portuguese sample were classified as at risk for exercise dependence. Overall, the results support the factorial validity of the translated Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in samples outside North-America, although more research is needed.     

运动依赖量表的编制与信效度分析

运动依赖已成为运动心理学研究领域中备受关注的议题,国内对运动依赖的研究相对较少,特别是缺乏相应的测量量表.编制一份适合中国文化背景下的运动依赖量表,为我国运动依赖的诊断提供可靠依据.在参考国、内外相关文献的基础上,初步形成31个条目的初始问卷,经过项目分析后形成了最终的运动依赖量表,该量表包含5个维度,其中戒断症状6个条目、过度运动3个条目、耐受性3个条目、失控5个条目、减少其他活动3个条目,共20个条目.并对量表的重测信度、内部一致性、内容效度、结构效度、效标效度进行检验及ROC分析,结果显示:本次编制的运动依赖量表具有较高的信、效度,可以在我国范围内使用.     

Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2

The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (Markland & Tobin, 2004 Markland, D. and Tobin, V. J. 2004. A modification of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26: 191–196. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). A sample of Chinese university students (N?=?555) was invited to take part in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine the factorial validity, and the results supported the 5-factor structure of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for the discriminant validity. Composite reliability values of subscales were all over .75, which suggested that internal consistency reliability of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 was acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that the simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the correlations of different regulations with affective and behavioral outcomes provided further support for the nomological validity. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the gender invariance of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, and the results suggested that the factor loadings and factor variances and covariances of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 measurement model to be invariant across male and female participants. Overall, the study provided initial psychometric evidence for the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2.     

Motivation and Exercise Dependence

The objective of this study was to use self-determination theory to analyze the relationships of several motivational variables with exercise dependence. The study involved 531 exercisers, ranging in age from 16 to 60 years old, who responded to different questionnaires assessing perception of motivational climate, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation types, and exercise dependence. The results of multiple mediation analysis revealed that ego-involving climate and perceived competence positively predicted exercise dependence in a directed and mediated manner through introjected and external regulation. Gender and age did not moderate the analyzed relationships. These results allow us to better understand the motivational process explaining exercise dependence, demonstrating the negative influence of the ego-involving climate in the context of exercise.     

Psychometric Support for the Ownership in Exercise and Empowerment in Exercise Scales

This study's purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of two new scales developed to quantitatively measure participants' ownership in exercise classes and empowerment, with respect to exercise. These two outcome measures will compliment Achievement Goal Perspective Theory (AGPT) grounded research to better understand participants' exercise experiences. College exercise class participants (N?=?414; M _age = 21.25 years; 63% female) completed the survey during the last two weeks of a semester. Measurement invariance was assessed by a two-group (i.e., male and female) confirmatory factor analysis and used Mplus' cluster option to account for the data's nested nature. Strong invariance was achieved, which provided psychometric evidence for the ownership and empowerment in exercise measures. Additional validity support was provided by the ownership and empowerment latent relationships aligning with the researchers' a priori hypotheses. These results provide preliminary validity evidence for the Ownership in Exercise Scale (OES) and Empowerment in Exercise Scale (EES).     

Factorial Validity and Reliability of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of an instrument designed to measure student perceptions of curricular goals in physical education, the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire. Participants were 879 Finnish students from grades 7 to 9 (412 girls, 467 boys; mean age 13.81). An exploratory factor analysis was performed on Sample 1 (n = 287), revealing a four-factor solution and suggesting that factor structure be cross-validated with confirmatory factor analysis in Sample 2 (n = 592). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an acceptable fit and supported the four-factor model. Tests for gender invariance supported configural, metric, and scalar invariance. Analyses of factor mean differences indicated that girls attributed more importance than boys to physical education’s health-related goals, social and emotional learning, and motor skill development. This study confirmed the validity of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire to assess student perspectives on curricular goals across gender. In order to improve factor structure the authors suggest the addition of an item measuring skill acquisition to future versions of the instrument.     

运动依赖理论研究进展综述

运动依赖是近年来运动心理学研究领域中备受关注的议题.从运动依赖的概念界定、症状表现、形成机制、应对策略及相关领域的研究出发,对国外目前所取得的研究成果进行综述,以推动我国运动心理学工作者对运动依赖现象的研究发展.     

Factorial and convergent validity of the Exercise Identity Scale in a German adult sample

The purpose of the present study was to examine the factorial and convergent validity of the German translation of the Exercise Identity Scale (EIS; Anderson & Cychosz, 1994). We introduce a bifactor model as a possible alternative to the previously discussed one- and two-factor models. Using an online study with 530 participants, our results suggest that the EIS should be considered a unidimensional measure. For this one-factor model, temporal invariance (time interval: 2 weeks) and invariance between men and women could be established. Relations to similar constructs were in the expected directions. We provide a psychometrically sound German version of the EIS, which demonstrated factorial and convergent validity in this study. The use of the scale in German samples is likely to advance research on exercise adoption and maintenance by integrating the exercise identity construct.     

The Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire

The current study aims to test the reliability and validity of the Leader–Member Exchange (LMX 7) scale with regard to coach–player relationships in sports settings. A total of 330 professional soccer players from the Turkish Super League as well as from the First and Second Leagues participated in this study. Factor analyses were performed to test the construct validity of the LMX 7. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a one-factor solution for the LMX 7. Confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable fit indices (χ²₍₁₄₎ = 31.36; p = .001; χ²/df = 2.24; GFI = .95; CFI = .97; SRMR = .05). Cronbach`s alpha (α = .84) and construct reliability (CR = .85) indicated that the reliability of the LMX 7 was quite good. Factorial Invariance (Δχ²_diff = 4.49; p > .05) across samples provided cross-validation using Multi-Group Confirmatory Analysis (MGCFA). The MGCFA supported the model of league invariance. Evidence of cross validation and configural, metric, and scalar invariance tests suggested that the LMX 7 scale preserves its factor structure, factor loadings, factor variances, and item uniqueness equally well. Chi-square difference tests revealed full invariance (Δχ²₍₆₎ = 11.45; p > .05) and partial scalar invariance (Δχ²₍₆₎ = 9.46; p > .05). Overall, these results show that the LMX 7 scale is reliable and valid for examining coach–player relationships.     

Psychometric Properties of the Abbreviated Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire

The purpose of this study was to develop an abbreviated version of the Perceived Motivational Climate in Exercise Questionnaire (PMCEQ-A) to provide a more practical instrument for use in applied exercise settings. In the calibration step, two shortened versions’ measurement and latent model values were compared to each other and the original PMCEQ using a three-group CFA invariance testing approach with previously collected exercise setting data (N = 5,427). Based on the model fit and reliability values, the 12-item version performed better than the 17-item version. The resultant 12-item PMCEQ-A’s CFA model estimates were then compared to the PMCEQ’s model values for two different, previously conducted studies of exercise settings (N = 414 and 770). The more parsimonious 12-item PMCEQ-A can be used by exercise psychology researchers to gain insight into members’ perspectives on the motivational climate and may lead to developing effective strategies to enhance members’ experiences and commitment.     

社会体育指导员职业承诺问卷的编制

采用文献资料法和深度访谈法,在文献研究和访谈编码的基础上,提取了社会体育指导员从业和继续从业的因素,编制出39个项目。在湖北、海南和广东三个省份中抽取了199名社会体育指导员进行初测,通过探索性因素分析,保留了23个题目,包含情感承诺、机会代价承诺、理想承诺和规范承诺4个因子,α均大于0.7。复测样本包括420名被试,将结果进行验证性因素分析、相关分析,结果表明:所提取的四因素结构模型拟合度较好,对效标效度有较好的预测作用,问卷具有较好的效度和信度。     

大学生锻炼依赖与饮食障碍的相关研究

为了探究锻炼依赖与饮食障碍两者的关系,随机选取248名大学生为研究对象,采用进食障碍问卷(EDI)、体育锻炼问卷(PARS-3)、锻炼依赖量表(EAI)和自制一般情况调查表对研究对象进行问卷调查,对结果进行T检验和回归分析。结果显示大学生锻炼依赖率为4.8%;锻炼依赖不存在性别和年级差异;体育锻炼量和饮食障碍与锻炼依赖存在相关,并能显著预测锻炼依赖的发生。     

Validity of the Smarthealth Watch to Measure Heart Rate During Rest and Exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the Smarthealth watch (Salutron, Inc., Fremont, California, USA), a heart rate monitor that includes a wristwatch without an accompanying chest strap. Twenty-five individuals participated in 3-min periods of standing, 2.0 mph walking, 3.5 mph walking, 4.5 mph jogging, and 6.0 mph running. Heart rate was simultaneously measured and recorded at 60-sec intervals using three methods: the Smarthealth wristwatch, the Polar Vantage XL monitor with an accompanying chest strap (Kempele, Finland), and an electrocardiograph, which served as the criterion method. The heart rates obtained from the Smarthealth watch were highly correlated with those from the electrocardiograph (r ≥ .95) and the standard error of estimate was below 5 bpm for all measurements. Additionally, correlation coefficients and standard errors of estimate between the Smarthealth watch and Polar heart rate monitor were ≥.97 and <3.7 bpm, respectively. However, the Smarthealth watch exhibited a reduced ability to detect a heart rate during the 4.5 and 6.0 mph conditions compared to the Polar heart rate monitor (6% and 13.9% reduced ability, respectively). The Smarthealth watch appears to be a valid device for monitoring heart rate while standing and during treadmill exercise involving walking and jogging in a healthy young adult sample, although it may not be able to consistently detect a heart rate when body motion is excessive.     

Reliability and Validity of a Deep Water Running Graded Exercise Test

To examine the reliability for peak responses of oxygen consumption (VO_2peak) in relative (ml · kg^-1 · min^-1) and absolute (L/min^-1) measures, as well as peak heart rate (HR_peak) during deep water running (DWR), 26 participants (12 women, 14 men) completed two DWR maximal graded exercise tests. To estimate the validity of the peak responses during DWR, a comparison to a treadmill running (TMR) graded exercise test (GXT) was completed. Test order was randomized. The DWR GXT utilized a system of weights and pulleys to increase intensity of exercise. Reliability of the DWR test for the total group was estimated using a repeated measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for VO_2peak (ml · kg^-1 · min^-1, R = .96; L/min^-1, R = .97) and HR_peak (R = .90). There were no significant differences (p > .05) between the two DWR tests for men or women for the means of VO_2peak in relative units (men: 50.5 vs. 52.0 ml · kg^-1 · min^-1; women: 37.1 vs. 36.8 ml · kg^-1 · min^-1), or absolute units (men: 4.1 vs. 4.1 L/min^-1; women: 2.2 vs. 2.2 L/min^-1), or HR (men: 174 vs. 175 beats per minute (bpm); women: 181 vs. 183 bpm). There was a significant correlation between the average of the two DWR tests and TMR for the total group for VO_2peak for relative (r = .88, p = .001) and absolute (r = .93, p = .001) measures as well as HR_peak (r = .64, p = .001). Peak responses during the DWR protocol were judged to be reliable. Also, the correlation for the variables between DWR and TMR indicates a positive relation between peak responses. The correlation suggests validity of predicting TMR peak responses from DWR peak responses; however, this conclusion may be questionable due to the low sample size and the large systemic differences between tests. Finally, HR_peak and VO_2peak were lower during DWR than TMR for both men and women.     

三种心肺功能运动负荷测试的评价效度研究

以VO2 max作为反映人体心肺功能的综合性评价指标,通过计算和比较目前国内、外常用的三种心肺功能运动负荷实验检测结果及其与VO2 m ax的相关性发现,台阶指数评价心肺功能的有效性明显不及2 0 m往返跑和库博1 2 min跑测试。研究分析认为,2 0 m往返跑因其操作方法简便、运动形式适当、评价效度高和易于实施与控制,成为简便有效的人体心肺功能运动负荷评价方法。     

中职生手机依赖与体育锻炼的关系

为探讨体育锻炼量与手机依赖之间的关系,使用体育活动等级量表和手机成瘾倾向量表,随机问卷调查武汉市285名在校中职生。结果表明:体育锻炼量和手机依赖存在显著负相关。适度的体育锻炼量可明显改善手机依赖现象。最后,从体育锻炼方面提出降低手机依赖的建议。     

探究体育锻炼对大学生手机依赖的影响

随机抽取400名福建师范大学的在校大学生,采用问卷调查法、实验法、数理统计法等方法,研究体育锻炼对大学生手机依赖的影响。结果表明,大学生对手机的依赖程度在不同的性别、年级以及专业类别之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。其中,女性对于手机的依赖程度大于男性,大一和大二的学生对于手机的依赖程度大于大三和大四的学生,体育类专业的学生对于手机的依赖程度最高。通过16周的研究发现,体育锻炼能够明显地降低大学生对于手机的依赖,并且不同的体育运动在降低大学生的手机依赖程度方面存在显著的差异(p<0.05),球类运动降低手机依赖程度最明显,其次是操舞类和骑车类运动,跑步和器械健身类运动降低学生手机依赖程度较小。     

Examination of the Validity of the Social Support Survey Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Abstract

The Social Support Survey (SSS), validated by Richman, Rosenfeld, and Hardy (1993), is a multidimensional self-report measure of social support tested with student athletes. The SSS contains eight dimensions of support. For each dimension of support the same four questions are posed. The SSS could, therefore, be scored in two ways: (a) to derive a score for the support dimensions; (b) to derive a score for the questions posed across all eight support dimensions. Confirmatory factor analyses of the SSS on 416 university athletes revealed poor fits to models for both the eight support dimensions and the four questions across all eight dimensions. This problem was clarified by using a multitrait-multimethod model, which led to improved model fit but revealed that most of the SSS items were two-dimensional. Caution should, therefore, be exercised in using the SSS as a measure of multidimensional social support.     

体育锻炼降低大学生吸烟依赖性:自我控制的中介作用

为了探讨体育锻炼促进自我控制的提升,从而降低大学生吸烟依赖性,本文以自我控制为中介作用,运用体育锻炼等级量表(PARS-3)、大学生自我控制量表、Russell吸烟原因问卷(RRSQ)等测量工具,采用分层随机抽样的方法选取某大学一、二、三年级的1500名学生进行问卷调查。研究结果发现:大学生总体吸烟依赖性处于较低水平,体育锻炼量处于中等程度;男生的体育锻炼量与吸烟依赖性均显著大于女生;体育锻炼量高的大学生的自我控制能力显著优于锻炼量少和中等锻炼量的大学生,体育锻炼量高的大学生吸烟依赖性也显著低于另外两组;自我控制与吸烟依赖性呈现负相关(r=-0.404),体育锻炼量与吸烟依赖性之间存在负相关(r=-0.241),体育锻炼量与自我控制之间呈现正相关(r=0.233);体育锻炼影响吸烟依赖性是通过自我控制这一中介变量起完成的。结论:体育锻炼是预防和缓解吸烟依赖性的有效手段,体育锻炼缓解吸烟依赖是通过提高自我控制能力这一中介变量来实现的,因此,有效地提高大学生自我控制能力,才能更改变大学生的不良习惯。     

基于知识图谱的运动与物质依赖研究热点与前沿

以WOS数据库核心合集2000～2018年收录的运动与物质依赖相关论文为研究对象,借助CiteSpace V可视化分析软件,对220篇文献进行科学计量与可视化分析,以探究运动对药物依赖研究的前沿热点与演进趋势、高产机构、高产作者合作情况。结果表明:运动与物质依赖研究关注程度、发文数量平稳增长;研究热点主要集中在运动对物质依赖的影响及其机制,随着时间推移运动对物质依赖的研究不断细化,研究的深度与广度都得到了较大拓展;未来需要关注运动对物质依赖者生活质量的影响及其影响机制;高产作者之间合作较多,但仍需扩大合作范围;高产机构主要集中在美国,国家之间的差距较大;被引频次较高的文献多是实证研究和综述研究。