Interplay of Biological and Social‐Environmental Factors in the Developmental Outcome of Prematurely Born Children From Infancy To Seven Years

THE DEVELOPMENT of 58 preterm infants classified as low‐risk was compared over their first 7 years with a control group of 100 full‐term healthy infants. One major conclusion from this ongoing study is the critical need to take account of age when outcomes for prematurely born children are compared with full‐term children. As well as finding “catch up” phenomena at certain ages, the study also found periods during which there were reverses of this favourable tendency. Further, the study provided evidence that perinatal risk conditions may have a differential impact on mental development, depending on social‐environmental factors. It was suggested that advantaged family circumstances may reduce or even fully compensate for the adverse effects of preterm birth whereas a disadvantaged environment may amplify them.     

Observations of Parent Reactions to Sex-Stereotyped Behaviors: Age and Sex Effects

To examine differential socialization of boys and girls by mothers and fathers, home observations were completed for families of 92 12-month-old children, 82 18-month-old children, and 172 5-year-old children. Mothers gave more instructions and directions than did fathers, while fathers spent more time in positive play interaction. Differences in parents' reactions to 12- and 18-month boys and girls were as expected, with the exception that boys received more negative comment for communication attempts than did girls. The suggestion in the literature that fathers would be more involved in sex typing than mothers was not confirmed in this study. The only 2 significant sex-of-parent x sex-of-child effects occurred at 18 months; fathers gave fewer positive reactions to boys engaging in female-typical toy play, and mothers gave more instruction to girls when they attempted to communicate. We argue that the second year of life is the time when children are learning many new skills and when parents are still experimenting with parenting styles and may well use stereotypical responses when unsure of themselves.     

Social Competence of Learning Disabled Children: Cognitive and Emotional Aspects

The aim of the study was to investigate the structure of social competence among learning disabled children, as reported by themselves and their teachers, and the cognitive and emotional aspects that mediate its level. The sample consisted of 40 learning disabled children and 37 matched nondisabled children. Within Harter's competence model and Schaefer's spherical model, the learning disabled group demonstrated lower levels of competence and adjustment and a less mature concept of competence than did their peers. The social competence of the learning disabled children was accounted for by emotional and physical aspects of competence, similar to that found in younger and in children with an intellectual disability, whereas the social competence of the nondisabled peers was accounted for by a combination of academic, cognitive and self‐esteem aspects. Teachers rated the social competence of both groups of children as mediated by introversion and general competence. However, teachers added physical competence to the explanation of the learning disabled group's social competence, whereas they added task orientation to the explanation for the nondisabled group. Intervention planning should be geared toward increasing the social competence of LD children, through alerting teachers to their less mature self‐competence concept, with its special emphasis on nonacademic aspects.     

Social and Emotional Competence in Children of Depressed Mothers

The relations between maternal unipolar major depression and children's self-concept, self-control, and peer relationships were studied in a middle-class, predominantly white sample of 96 families. Each family included a target child between the ages of 5 and 10. Depressed mothers varied on whether or not the child's father also had a psychiatric disorder. Well mothers all had spouses with no psychiatric disorders. Analyses controlled for marital status, age, and sex of child. Children completed measures of self-concept and peer relations skills; teachers completed measures of self-control and a rating of popularity with peers. Results supported the multiple risk factor model in that fathers' psychiatric status and parents' marital status explained much of the variability in children's social and emotional competence. Maternal depression alone, in the context of a well husband/father, was only related to children having been rated by their teachers as less popular. Results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms by which maternal depression may interact with paternal psychopathology and divorce in relation to children's social and emotional competence. The findings may further indicate that older children are more vulnerable to these multiple risk factors than younger children.     

幼儿同伴侵害与社会能力、问题行为的关系

使用教师评定法对279名3-5岁儿童进行研究,探讨幼儿同伴侵害现象及其与社会能力、适应问题的关系。结果发现:幼儿中存在身体侵害和关系侵害现象,部分儿童同时受身体和关系两种形式的侵害,身体侵害的稳定性随年龄增长而变化;与不受侵害的儿童相比,受侵害儿童的外化问题明显偏多;问题行为在儿童社会能力和半年后身体侵害之间起到完全中介作用,而在儿童社会能力和半年后关系侵害之间起到部分中介作用。     

The Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance: Does It Work with Low-Income Urban Children?

The present study represents a twofold investigation wherein ( a ) the construct validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (PSPCSA) and ( b ) the developmental appropriateness of the PSPCSA were empirically examined for urban Head Start children. Data were collected from a sample of 476 African-American children (48–64 months) representing children enrolled in a large metropolitan Head Start program. In the first study, neither replication of the test author's statistical procedures nor a series of exploratory factor analyses produced psychologically meaningful constructs. A second study tested the assumption that the PSPCSA administration format is developmentally appropriate for preschool children. Results from this study did not support the assumption that the PSPCSA is developmentally appropriate for preschool children. Implications for establishing valid assessment methods for urban Head Start children were discussed.     

高职学生学习行为对职业基础能力影响的实证分析——以浙江省台州市3所高职院校学生为例

研究高职院校学生的职业能力应从职业基础能力入手,对浙江省台州市3所高职院校2272名在校学生的问卷研究表明,认真、主动、自觉地学习,不旷课缺课等学习行为和就业预期,对学生职业基础能力的形成具有显著影响,而与学习积极性相关的专业兴趣和就读高职的心理感受等变量也会对其职业基础能力产生一定的影响。     

Hierarchical Models of Social Competence in Preschool Children: A Multisite,Multinational Study

The generality of a multilevel factorial model of social competence (SC) for preschool children was tested in a 5‐group, multinational sample (N = 1,540) using confirmatory factor analysis. The model fits the observed data well, and tests constraining paths for measured variables to their respective first‐order factors across samples also fit well. Equivalence of measurement models was found at sample and sex within‐sample levels but not for age within sample. In 2 groups, teachers’ ratings were examined as correlates of SC indicators. Composites of SC indicators were significantly associated with both positive and negative child attributes from the teachers’ ratings. The findings contribute to understanding of both methodological and substantive issues concerning SC in young children.     

教师严厉对学生问题行为、班级气氛和自感社交能力关系的影响

本研究探讨了教师严厉对学生问题行为(包括攻击和退缩行为)、班级气氛(包括同学友爱和班级秩序)和学生自感社交能力关系的影响。通过同伴提名法和自陈量表法对4654名初中生以及82位班主任进行了测量。多层分析结果显示,教师严厉可以增强攻击行为、同学友爱、班级秩序与自感社交能力的正向关系,减弱退缩行为与自感社交能力的负向关系。说明教师严厉对学生社会性发展具有一定的积极调节作用。本文从中西方文化差异的角度对这一结果进行了讨论。     

Gender-Specific Linkages of Affective Social Competence With Peer Relations in Preschool Children

Research Findings: We examined whether affective social competence, or the ability to effectively send and receive emotional signals and to manage one's own emotional experience, contributes to preschool children's peer relations. Forty-two previously unacquainted preschoolers were observed while participating in a week-long playschool. Greater nonstereotypical emotion knowledge was related to girls' popularity and boys' likelihood of having a reciprocal friendship. Girls with greater skill at sending emotional communications and managing emotions were more likely to have a reciprocal friendship. Boys who were better at managing emotions compared to others in their group were less popular. The role of social context in the influence of affective social competence on children's peer relations is discussed. Practice or Policy: Results have implications for early childhood educators' promotion of children's socioemotional skills.     

Unresponsiveness in Children with Severe Disabilities: Potential Effects on Parent‐Child Interactions

This paper examines the potential effects on parent‐child interactions when children, because of severe mental and physical impairments, are unable to exhibit most social responses. A model is proposed to explain why a child is perceived to be responsive or unresponsive by parents and caregivers; the former applies only if the child's behaviour is recognized and valued by the observer. It is also proposed that: (a) perceived unresponsiveness may be more critical than the disability per se;(b) intense interactions early in the disabled child's development, commonly described by observers as controlling, intrusive behaviour, may be due to high levels of caregiver motivation and extinction burst effects; and (c) reductions in the amount of some caregiver‐child interactions may be the outcome of previously unrewarded interaction attempts and decreased expectancy levels.     

论强化在儿童社会行为发展中的作用与运用

强化是塑造和调整儿童行为的基础之一。也是培养儿童良好社会行为的重要方法。强化在儿童社会行为发展方面的积极作用在于：为儿童提供社会行为的反馈信息,为儿童创造体验社会效果的机会,调整儿童社会行为的动机,促成儿童自我强化。有效的强化需满足的条件是：视儿童为强化发生作用的主体,强化要适时,强化要明确,强化要适宜,强化要一致。     

简述社会能力研究

社会能力是儿童能力发展中的重要组成部分,对儿童的后期社会适应有着重要作用。社会能力及其结构的界定是不一致的。当前主要采用社会测量法和他人评定法来测量儿童的社会能力。家庭、同伴和儿童自身等因素是影响社会能力的主要因素。     

Emotions and Behaviors in the Head Start Classroom: Associations Among Observed Dysregulation, Social Competence, and Preschool Adjustment

Effective regulatory skills are essential in busy preschool classroom environments where children must maintain some control over their emotions and behavior to interact effectively with peers and teachers. Regulatory abilities can play a crucial role in a child's successful adjustment to preschool. We investigated whether individual differences in dysregulation (emotional and behavioral) as observed in the naturalistic classroom context were associated with peer social competence and teacher ratings of classroom adjustment in a sample of low-income preschoolers. Naturalistic observational methods were used to assess dysregulated emotions and behaviors in Head Start classrooms. Findings demonstrate that although displays of observed dysregulation were relatively brief, about one-quarter of children showed high levels of dysregulation, and individual differences in dysregulated behavior predicted teacher-rated classroom adjustment and peer conflict. Research results are discussed with regard to implications for classroom practice and prevention.     

The Social Construction of Parent Involvement in Head Start

In the field of early childhood education, dominant discourse is premised on assumptions and values that privilege uniformity, generality, and even the “essential” nature of children and programs that should then be judged according to common criteria. In this article, we focus not on common factors that vary but on particular social practices that have very different meanings for people in two social settings (Taylor, 1979). Specifically, we describe how parent involvement- and parents themselves-were socially constructed within Head Start programs located in different communities, and we suggest how these social practices made particular forms of involvement possible and even necessary. We argue that discourses do not merely represent; they constitute, and different discourses construct both subjects and social relations in particular ways. Finally, we suggest how alternative ways of structuring knowledge and social practice in early childhood might become “communal tools” for exploring yet to be realized possibilities.     

先赋性社会资本在大学生就业中的作用及局限

社会资本已成为影响大学生就业的重要因素.基于个案的研究发现:在大学生就业中先赋性社会资本发挥了积极的作用,但需要特定的空间和条件,其局限性也需要引起我们的高度重视.     

青少年社会适应行为的特征及影响因素

社会适应行为是社会适应的重要内容,其特征包括并发性、差异性、发展性和期望性。社会适应不良行为不仅不利于青少年的心理健康,有碍其未来的发展,而且对他人和社会都有不良影响。目前对适应行为的测量工具较多,主要以适应不良行为为主,对适应良好行为的关注较少。社会适应行为的影响因素主要分为危险性因素和保护性因素两大类。未来的研究应包括对适应良好行为的研究、整合纵向的研究、干预研究。     

Parent Self-Reports of Discipline Practices and Child Acting-Out Behaviors in Kindergarten

The relation between parent interview reports of physical discipline at home, and children's acting-out school behaviors was examined in part to validate interview methods of assessment for early intervention. Parent reports of discipline methods were gathered at entrance to kindergarten, and teacher reports of acting-out behaviors were obtained twice in kindergarten and in first grade. Children who required physical discipline at home exhibited significantly more acting-out behaviors at school than did their nonphysically disciplined peers. Children who received frequent physical discipline (at least once per week) acted out significantly more than those who received infrequent physical discipline. The frequency of nonphysical discipline at home was not related to degree of acting-out school behaviors. Socioeconomic status (SES) was significantly related to acting out in first grade but not in kindergarten. The results are discussed in terms of the utility of interview methods of assessment for early intervention.     

文化胜任力在社会工作中的应用

随着社会工作服务对象日趋多元和差异化,以及社会工作的理论典范与执行模式的转变,社会工作者越来越被要求具备文化胜任力,能够根据服务对象不同文化背景提出适宜的服务策略,以满足服务对象文化需求。尽管我国社会工作文化胜任力的实践已经日益丰富,但对于相关概念与服务框架还缺乏系统的探讨。通过分析国内外的相关文献,系统梳理了社会工作文化胜任力的实践意义、概念内涵、发展历史以及理论框架与服务取向。在此基础上,立足中国现实问题和创新社会治理的大背景,参考国外经验,从理论建设和实务应用两个方面提出了发展中国的社会工作文化胜任力的建议。