浅谈民用建筑电气中接地和等电位联结问题

《建筑物防雷设计规范》（GB50057—94）明确规定了建筑中使用等电位联结的相关要求,目前,几乎所有的正规建筑中,都已经采用了等电位联结系统。本文从等电位联结系统的结构入手分析,找到了一系列的有关等电位联结系统的相关问题,进而就目前的等电位联结系统相关问题的解决方法进行了分析,认为等电位联结在线监测系统是有必要部署的。通过等电位联结在线监测系统的部署,可以有效的避免等电位联结系统出现问题后问题无法及时发现的隐患,可以大幅度增加楼宇的安全性。     

天山乌鲁木齐河源区径流水化学特征及影响因素分析

在乌鲁木齐河源区采集两年的大气降水和1号冰川、空冰斗、总控3个水文点逐日定时径流样品,对主要离子、pH、电导率EC和总溶解固体TDS进行了分析。结果表明,大气降水离子类型为Ca^2＋-Na^＋-HCO3--SO4^2-,接近中性;径流离子类型为Ca^2＋-Na^＋-HCO3--SO4^2-,呈弱碱性。径流中EC和TDS均值总控〉1号冰川〉空冰斗,其中1号冰川径流的峰值远高于其它两个水文点。受不同下垫面的影响,1号冰川水文点TDS变化受日径流量影响显著,而空冰斗水文点基本不受影响。径流中离子组成主要受岩石风化作用影响,离子比值和Piper图分析说明控制径流离子的主要过程是碳酸盐、黄铁矿和长石类矿物风化。海盐校正分析得出,大气降水对1号冰川、空冰斗、总控径流离子贡献率分别为4.91％,9．10％和5．42％。通过阳离子通量计算,2006年、2007年1号冰川径流的化学风化侵蚀率分别为18．1t／（km^2·a）和12．3t／（km^2·a）。     

激光诱导由C_5H_8O~+激发态获得离子C_2H_2O~+途径分析

在本文工作中我们对环戊酮离子（C5H8O^＋）的激发态进行了理论计算,并得到环戊酮离子在激发态下的解离机制,旨在通过计算更加清楚地了解环戊酮离子的结构以及解离过程。以便得到碎片解离机制的相关数据,以“碎片C2H2O^＋由C5H8O^＋获得途径分析”为例,为实验与理论计算的弥合找到可靠的依据。     

激光诱导由C5H8O^＋激发态获得离子C2H2O^＋途径分析

在本文工作中我们对环戊酮离子（C5H8O^＋）的激发态进行了理论计算,并得到环戊酮离子在激发态下的解离机制,旨在通过计算更加清楚地了解环戊酮离子的结构以及解离过程。以便得到碎片解离机制的相关数据,以“碎片C2H2O^＋由C5H8O^＋获得途径分析”为例,为实验与理论计算的弥合找到可靠的依据。     

热处理磷矿石去除工业污水中重金属离子研究

通过对天然磷矿石和热处理磷矿石含重金属离子工业废水的处理效果进行对比发现,磷矿石经热处理后对废水中的Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋和Nn^2＋的去除效果均好子天然磷矿石,天然磷矿石处理后废水pH值变化不大,而热处理磷矿石处理后废水的pH值则有较大的提高。把天然磷矿石进行热处理后应用于处理含重金属离子的工业废水具有实际意义。     

240—250nm波段氯苯的共振增强多光子电离研究

首次报道了在超声分子束条件下,氯苯分子（C6H5Cl）在240-250nm紫外激发波段的共振增强多光子电离/飞行时间质谱（REMPI-TOFMS）。实验获得母体离子（^112C6H5Cl^＋）和一些主要碎片离子的分质量光谱,以及它们在240.5nm和248.6nm两种激发波长下的光强指数。文中对母体离子及主要碎片离子的生成机理进行了探讨,研究表明：该波段范围内,氯苯分子首先吸收一个光子从基态^1A1（S0）跃迁至激发态^1B2（S1）,激发态分子再吸收一个光子而电离,产生母体离子^112C6H5Cl^＋;母体离子直接解离而生成碎片离子^77C6H5^＋。质量更小的碎片离子^51C4H3^＋和^27C2H3^＋则是母体离子进一步吸收光子,然后通过快速的内转换而形成。在该波段范围内,氯苯的最佳检测波长为248.6nm。在该激发波长下,氯苯的探测限能达到到ppb量级。     

油田采出水防垢措施研究

胜利油田已进入注水开发中后期阶段,采出水结垢已在生产的各个环节中出现,严重影响了油田正常生产。常见的危害油田生产的结垢类型主要有两种,分别是：以Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋离子为主的碳酸盐垢和以Ba^2＋,Sr^2＋离子为主的硫酸盐垢。根据不同的结垢原因,对防垢措施进行了研究、分析了化学法防垢和物理法防垢的利弊,通过室内实验确定并筛选出适合不同结垢趋势水质的药剂及加量,并对今后如何正确使用物理防垢技术,使其在污水防垢中充分发挥作用提出了建议。     

离子色谱法在测定腊肉和腊肠中氯化物的方法研究

文章对离子色谱法对腊肉、腊肠中的氯化物的测定进行研究,并与国标法和自动电位滴定方法进行对比。实验以抑制型离子色谱仪为测定手段,以浓度为20mmo1·L-1,流速为1．0mL·min-1的KOH为淋洗液,建立了离子色谱法在5min内测定腊肉、腊肠中的氯化物。得到结果与国标法和自动电位滴定方法对比无显著差异,加标回收率在92％-107％之间。     

计算由C5H8O＋获得小分子碎片C2H＋4的途径研究

用量子化学从头算方法中的CIS（Configuration Interaction with Single substitute）方法,采用6-31＋G（d,p）基组计算环戊酮离子的激发态结构和振动频率.研究由环戊酮离子获得小分子碎片C2H＋4的可能途径.     

水质自动监测系统在国界河流监测的应用

在线水质自动监测系统是一套以在线自动分析仪器为核心,以移动通讯为传输媒介,运用现代传感技术、自动测量技术、自动控制技术、计算机应用技术以及相关的专用分析软件和通讯网络组成的一个综合性的在线自动监测系统。本文就在线水质自动监测系统在额尔古纳河黑山头水质自动站的应用情况作了介绍和说明。     

霾和正常天气下西安大气颗粒物中水溶性离子特征

为了探讨西安市大气颗粒物在霾天气下水溶性离子的组分特征，2005年9月至2006年9月对西安大气TSP和PM2.5进行了观测研究。结果显示，西安大气TSP和PM2.5在霾天气的总水性离子浓度分别为135.0和72.4µg∙m-3。分析的11种阴阳离子(Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F-、Cl-、Br-、NO2-、NO3-和SO42-)中SO42-、NO3-、NH4+是TSP和PM2.5中的主要成分，这三种离子占总水溶性离子的百分比霾天气明显高于正常天气。pH测定的结果显示，霾天气大气颗粒物均比正常天气偏酸性。对比了不同天气下的SOR(SO2转化率)和NOR(NOX转化率)，发现霾天气SO2和NOX转化率高于正常天气，尤其是SO2在霾天气更易转化为SO42-。     

CMC聚合物对重金属离子的吸附性能

通过正交试验得出制备羧甲基纤维素(CMC)聚合物的最佳工艺条件:丙烯酸(AA)/羧甲基纤维素=10,引发剂(硫酸铵)和交联剂(N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺)用量分别为单体的0.0014倍和0.0015倍.吸胀平衡后,将CMC聚合物在400~450℃下完全灰化16h,消解并用火焰原子吸收法测定聚合物对Zn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+、Cr2+、Ni2+和Mn2+的吸附性能.结果表明,CMC聚合物对重金属离子具有一定的吸附能力,其吸附量随着溶液pH值和重金属离子质量浓度的增加而增大,当pH为9时达到最大;并且CMC聚合物对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附量要大于其他金属离子.     

三原子分子离子的光激发和光解离动力学研究

综述了近几年来关于三原子分子离子(CS+2, SO+2, CO+2)的光激发和光解离动力学研究结果.实验是在射流气束条件下进行的.首先利用一束电离激光使中性三原子分子通过共振增强多光子电离制备出振动态选择的三原子分子离子,再用一束或两束解离激光激发获得母体分子离子的光解离谱(母体离子的凹陷谱和碎片离子的增强谱).由此研究了三原子分子离子(CS+2, SO+2, CO+2)电子态的光激发和光解离动力学.     

车河-拉么矿区环境自净能力研究

通过广西河池市南丹县车河-拉么矿区的大气自净能力、水体自净能力、植被自净能力和土壤自净能力的分析,揭示了该矿区由于大气稳定度差、风速小、静风频率高、工业区形成热岛效应等,因而大气自净能力低;矿区水体物理自净能力很强,生物自净能力很弱、化学自净能力由于多数金属离子进入水体,因而沿河水体、土壤、地下水都有污染,且上游、缓流处、河道拐弯处污染较为严重。矿区植被拦截能力弱,转移能力强。矿区土壤对重金属吸附能力强、自净能力差,易形成严重污染。从而解释了为什么矿区达标排放却还是产生严重污染的原因,也为宏观决策和环境治理提出了科学根据。     

基于LMDI模型的工业废水排放的影响效应研究——以浙江省为例

运用投入产出法计算了2007-2012年浙江省各工业行业工业废水完全排放强度,并在此基础上运用LMDI指数分解模型将工业废水流量变化分解为技术效应、规模效应和结构效应,以此来分析工业废水流量变化的规律和行业分布特征。研究结果表明：废水直接排放强度与完全排放强度差异显著,时间序列工业废水排放强度呈现不同程度的下降趋势,排放强度体现的技术效应和各工业行业产值比例体现的结构效应对浙江省工业废水流量呈现出正向减排作用,而规模效应则是工业废水排量增加的最大助推因素。以此结果为根据,提出了治污减排的相应政策建议及发展方向。     

Designing ionic channels in novel carbons for electrochemical energy storage

Tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing high-performance energy storage devices based on the micro- or nano-manipulation of novel carbon electrodes, as certain nanocarbons are perceived to have advantages such as high specific surface areas, superior electric conductivities, excellent mechanical properties and so on. In typical electrochemical electrodes, ions are intercalated/deintercalated into/from the bulk (for batteries) or adsorbed/desorbed on/from the surface (for electrochemical capacitors). Fast ionic transport, significantly determined by ionic channels in active electrodes or supporting materials, is a prerequisite for the efficient energy storage with carbons. In this report, we summarize recent design strategies for ionic channels in novel carbons and give comments on the promising features based on those carbons towards tailorable ionic channels.     

A portable lab-on-a-chip system for gold-nanoparticle-based colorimetric detection of metal ions in water

Heavy metal ions released into various water systems have a severe impact on the environment and human beings, and excess exposure to toxic metal ions through drinking water poses high risks to human health and causes life-threatening diseases. Thus, there is high demand for the development of a rapid, low-cost, and sensitive method for detection of metal ions in water. We present a portable analytical system for colorimetric detection of lead (Pb²⁺) and aluminum (Al³⁺) ions in water based on gold nanoparticle probes and lab-on-a-chip instrumentation. The colorimetric detection of metal ions is conducted via single-step assays with low limits of detection (LODs) and high selectivity. We design a custom-made microwell plate and a handheld colorimetric reader for implementing the assays and quantifying the signal readout. The calibration experiments demonstrate that this portable system provides LODs of 30 ppb for Pb²⁺ and 89 ppb for Al³⁺, both comparable to bench-top analytical spectrometers. It promises an effective platform for metal ion analysis in a more economical and convenient way, which is particularly useful for water quality monitoring in field and resource-poor settings.     

Noise and oscillations in hot cathode arc

Gas discharges generate oscillations superimposed on random noise of several megacycles bandwidth.Positive ions oscillate in two distinct regions of the discharge, i.e., the plasma and the potential minimum at the cathode.The disturbances produced by the ion motions appear as voltage variations between the electrodes.Oscillations generated in the plasma are usually below 400 kc./sec., while “cathode” oscillations are about 700 kc./sec.As the discharge current is increased, the amplitude of the plasma oscillation increases while its frequency decreases. The random noise also depends on current, increasing rapidly as the Townsend discharge changes into an are. After arc conditions are fully established, the noise changes slightly with current. Probe studies show that the noise voltage between probe and cathode increases rapidly as space charge conditions change to permit acceleration of electrons to the probe. When the probe collects positive ions, the noise as viewed on an oscilloscope is coarse, i.e., lacking in high frequency components.An explanation of the noise generation may be found in the random fluctuations of space charge at the electrodes. Calculations based on this theory give voltage fluctuations of the observed order of magnitude.     

Development of three-dimensional integrated microchannel-electrode system to understand the particles' movement with electrokinetics

An optical transparent 3-D Integrated Microchannel-Electrode System (3-DIMES) has been developed to understand the particles'' movement with electrokinetics in the microchannel. In this system, 40 multilayered electrodes are embedded at the 2 opposite sides along the 5 square cross-sections of the microchannel by using Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems technology in order to achieve the optical transparency at the other 2 opposite sides. The concept of the 3-DIMES is that the particles are driven by electrokinetic forces which are dielectrophoretic force, thermal buoyancy, electrothermal force, and electroosmotic force in a three-dimensional scope by selecting the excitation multilayered electrodes. As a first step to understand the particles'' movement driven by electrokinetic forces in high conductive fluid (phosphate buffer saline (PBS)) with the 3-DIMES, the velocities of particles'' movement with one pair of the electrodes are measured three dimensionally by Particle Image Velocimetry technique in PBS; meanwhile, low conductive fluid (deionized water) is used as a reference. Then, the particles'' movement driven by the electrokinetic forces is discussed theoretically to estimate dominant forces exerting on the particles. Finally, from the theoretical estimation, the particles'' movement mainly results from the dominant forces which are thermal buoyancy and electrothermal force, while the velocity vortex formed at the 2 edges of the electrodes is because of the electroosmotic force. The conclusions suggest that the 3-DIMES with PBS as high conductive fluid helps to understand the three-dimensional advantageous flow structures for cell manipulation in biomedical applications.     

淮北某印染企业清洁生产改造研究

淮北某印染企业采用冷凝水、冷却水回收,前处理采用轻污分流、重污染水收集后单独处理,染色、印花水洗机废水收集后回用等清洁生产措施实行污染减排。方案实施后,100m布生产废水产生量由3．05m^3下降到2．19m^3;100m布生产COD排放强度由1．44kg下降到1．00kg,具有较好的环境效益。