从“做中学”到建构主义——探究学习的理论轨迹

从杜威的“做中学”到时下的建构主义,教学研究和实践到底走出了多远?杜威的“做中学”思想中可以提炼出两个原型:手工艺活动和科学研究活动。这两个原型都在后来的研究之中得到了新的发展:从实践活动场景到实践共同体;从实验室到科学共同体。它们在发展方向上殊途同归,都强调了“做”背后的社会文化属性。看清近百年教学思想的发展轨迹有利于我们避免教学改革中的左右摇摆和形式主义。     

Technology Integration and the Classroom Learning Environment: Research for Action

This article describes initial results of a collaborative action research endeavor between a regional university and a local school (Grade 6 level) using learning environments research to monitor alignment of classroom learning activities with a constructivist viewpoint while integrating technology into the curriculum. Student perceptions as measured by the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES) were explored. Teacher logs, teacher interviews, and fieldnotes from team discussion groups and classroom observation provided further understanding of interactions in the classroom. A one-way analysis of variance in which the set of four classroom learning environment variables for the CLES, the set of five variables for each of the CLES-Mathematics and the CLES-Science and time of administration (prior to technology integration and after technology integration) yielded no significant changes in student perceptions of the classroom learning environment over the duration of the academic year. Interpretation of results led teachers to construct a new set of questions and a new plan of action to bring their classroom learning environment into closer alignment with a constructivist perspective for teaching and learning. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Collaborating in the Evolution of a Middle School Science Learning Environment

This study describes a collaborative study involving a teacher and university researcher using learning environment research to transform a middle school science learning environment. Habermas' idea of knowledge constitutive interests (technical, practical, and emancipatory) is used as a perspective to make sense of the learning environment. Student perceptions of science and the nature of science were explored. Classroom observations and student interviews were the primary data sources. Students perceived science as primarily a set of facts to be learned and did not view it as an inquiry method or a social process. Despite the characterization of the course by the teacher and students as hands-on and experimental, technical interests were prevalent. Through negotiation, a plan of action was outlined for recreating the learning environment to make it more practical and emancipatory, as well as more consistent with contemporary perspectives on the nature of science.     

Benefits,Challenges, and Opportunities of Conducting a Collaborative Research Course in an International University Partnership: A Study Case Between Kansas State University and Tallinn University of Technology

A globalized world requires research to transcend geographical boundaries; this includes training students in international collaborative research. The purpose of this project was to identify the benefits, opportunities, and challenges of students from two universities (Kansas State Univ. and Tallin Univ. of Technology) working on an international research project together. For this purpose, six graduate students from the Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior, Kansas State Univ., partnered with 20 Food Science major students from a Product Development class at Tallinn Univ. of Technology. Students worked together by distance in a partnership developing a rye bread sensory lexicon for systematically understanding the sensory properties of this product category, conducting Landscape analysis by using sensory mapping techniques on rye bread products from Northeast Europe for capturing the market complexity and to identify opportunity for new product development and new products concepts. Students from Kansas then went to Estonia for further meetings. After the trip, students and professors were asked for their feedback. Results showed that students identify learning food trends from another country as the main benefit of their international collaboration, followed by intercultural skills and knowledge transfer. Language and difference in time zones, as well as educational backgrounds, were identified by students as the main challenges of the collaboration. When US students were asked to rate the learning outcomes stated in the syllabus, understanding the cultural characteristics of Estonia was the one scored highest. Professors mentioned this opportunity is unique because it gives a cultural component programs usually not only an offer and a chance to develop time management skills by working across divergent time zones, but also to practice options for managing language barriers. This project shows that it is possible to setup a partnership between students across different countries and have a positive outcome that includes unique learning experiences for students; especially in terms of time and project management.     

An action learning approach to partnership in community development: a reflection on the research process

Green space offers a significant environmental resource that can improve the individual experience of health and quality of life. However, barriers exist that prevent the use of green space, and partnership (multi-agency) working has the potential to overcome these. Current public health policy aims to broaden the range of environmental public health intervention through effective partnership working. In response to this, a community development partnership project (Stepping Stones to Nature) was established in the south west of England to improve green spaces in neighbourhood communities through engagement and consultation. Integral to this project was an initiative to research the process and experience of partnership working. The aim of this paper is to report the experience of the multi-agency group guiding the research process and how they used an action learning approach to explore their experiences and guide the research process. Halfway through the project a ‘formal’ focus group discussion was arranged in order to capture the reflective thinking and learning that had taken place. The focus of this paper is on the data from that group discussion. Four main themes were evident from the data: expectation/perceptions; stakeholder involvement; tensions (at organisational and individual levels); and reflection and learning (through the partnership and research process). This paper reflects the different expectations of the research process that need to be identified early in partnership research in order that they can be appropriately managed.     

Scandinavian Approaches to Gender Equality in Academia: A Comparative Study

This study investigates how Denmark, Norway, and Sweden approach issues of gender equality in research differently. Based on a comparative document analysis of gender equality activities in six Scandinavian universities, together with an examination of the legislative and political frameworks surrounding these activities, the article provides new insights into the respective strategies for governing and promoting the advancement of women researchers. In doing so, it exposes some interesting disparities among the cases and shows how Norwegian and Swedish gender equality activities revolve around a broader span of different approaches than the Danish. The study draws upon existing knowledge on the efficacy and implementation success of diversity policy programmes to gain a more profound understanding of implications of these differences.     

“新时代”影响下的比较教育研究——试析康德尔《教育的新时代：比较研究》

康德尔的《教育的新时代：比较研究》是其对二战后世界范围内教育出现的一些新形势和新变化的把握和分析。＂教育新时代＂是一个复数的概念,它受政治、经济、科技、社会、文化等多方面的影响,具有面向生存、面向人、面向国际三个新内涵。康德尔对教育新时代下的比较教育研究进行分析并提出比较教育在目的论、方法论、研究模式、研究切入点等方面的新发展。其观点如比较教育研究对国际视野的关注、对历史和文化的背景的重视以及对研究者问题意识的培养等均具有重要的现实意义。     

《比较教育研究》1998-2004年论文研究策略统计分析

比较教育是否有自己的研究方法历来是比较教育领域中备受争议的话题之一,同时也是造成比较教育身份危机的原因之一。本研究采用实证方法对1998-2004年《比较教育研究》杂志所刊载的论文中使用的研究方法进行统计分析,以期在一定程度上对中国比较教育的研究方法的发展现状与趋势形成客观、直观的印象,并对比较教育方法论的争论做出理解。     

Shaping the Learning Environment: Connecting Developmentally Appropriate Practices to Brain Research

Connections are shown between recent findings in brain research and principles of Developmentally Appropriate Practices to explore the implications for early childhood learning environments and teaching practices. New research on how the growing mind learns appears to bear out the value of NAEYC's constructivist approach to early childhood education where environments are designed to gain the learner's attention, foster meaningful connections with prior understanding, and maximize both short- and long-term memory through patterns and active problem solving. Each unique learner needs to feel challenged, but not fearful, so that stimulating experiences result in an exchange of ideas and promote deeper understanding.     

远程学习理论与实践的脱节--远程学习研究应关注的重点:互动

当代的远程教育理论研究重心正逐步以距离和分离为核心向以学习为核心转变，对远程教育过程的研究从教与学各自过程的分析转向对教与学综合过程的分析，由强调学生独立学习到强调教师的参与，特别是教与学的互动成为研究的热点。我国的广播电视大学采用的远程媒体教育和面授教育相结合的模式是可行的，并为保障电大庞大数量规模的学生的质量起到了主要作用。但电大现行的远程学习模式也需要探索和改革。电大要以学生的学习为核心，借助认知心理学理论，构筑教与学互动的远程学习模式。     

From student to teacher: changes in preservice teacher educational beliefs throughout the learning-to-teach journey

Preservice teachers enter programs with beliefs about teaching and learning, constructed from prior schooling experiences. This longitudinal study examines preservice teachers’ K–12 memories, their initial educational beliefs, and the changes in those beliefs over their teacher education program. Analysis of questionnaires, interviews, work samples, and observations from six preservice teachers collected over a two-year period revealed that they initially believed that students were similar to themselves, that teaching was simple and autonomous, that students perform uniformly within grade levels, and that teaching ensures learning. At program’s end, however, they believed that students differ from one another and from themselves, that teaching is complex, that classroom freedom has limits, that differentiation is essential, and that teaching does not ensure learning. The data suggested a common progression from initial idealism, to cognitive dissonance, to a search for an authentic teaching persona, and finally, to confidence in their new role as teacher.     

来华留学研究生学习成效影响因素研究——基于上海九所“双一流”建设高校的实证分析

本研究从以学习者为中心理论的视角,基于“院校影响因素理论模型”构建了我国“双一流”建设高校来华留学研究生学习成效影响因素的分析模型。依据国际高等教育实践、结合质性访谈,综合设计了大学教育环境、来华留学研究生学习性投入及其学习成效量表。以上海九所“双一流”建设高校的抽样数据进行结构方程模型路径分析,探究学习成效各影响因素的相互作用机制。研究发现：大学教育环境对来华留学研究生“认知成效”的影响完全以学生的学习性投入为中介产生间接的正向预测作用;而对“情感成效”的影响,相比于其他环境变量的完全间接效应,课程教学环境发挥了更多的直接效应。尽管校园文化氛围对来华留学研究生的学习成效有显著正向预测作用,但课程教学和科研训练的环境仍是影响学习成效增值的核心。来华留学研究生在科研训练中的投入最能正向影响情感成效增值。     

From Pilot Project to Strategic Development: Scaling up staff support in the use of ICT for teaching and learning

The UHI Millennium Institute (UHI) comprises an academic partnership of 13 further education colleges and research institutes in northern Scotland. In order to sustain accessible learning provision at Higher Education level across the Highlands and Islands, the UHI academic partners have to develop ways of collaboratively developing and facilitating courses using electronic communication. A key factor for the successful develop ment of new ways of working and teaching is the implementation of effective staff support. Current research often focuses on issues surrounding staff development programmes on a small scale and neglects problems associated with scaling up these programmes. This study aims to address these issues by examining the creation of a peer support scheme, its evaluation and subsequent expansion. It will be of interest to staff developers and managers wishing to implement strategic institutional policy.     

高职院校产学研结合之“研”究

高职教育产学研结合之"研",包涵学术研究、科技研发、学生研习、教师研修、校企研讨等内容。它不仅是提高人才培养质量的核心要素、人才培养模式创新的重要支点、提升师资队伍水平的有力杠杆,还是增强校企创新能力的不二法门和深化校企合作契合度的强力合剂。因此,必须加强高职教育产学研结合"研"之机制建设。     

我国外语学习个体差异动机研究发展综述（1987—2012）

从总体发展状况、研究方法、研究内容和研究对象四个方面回顾了过去25年国内外语学习动机研究状况。在此基础上,归纳了当前研究的特点,指出研究中存在的不足,并对外语学习动机研究的发展前景进行了展望。     

从“数据崇拜”到“数据正义”:人工智能时代高等教育研究范式的旨趣转换

人工智能时代为高等教育研究带来本体论、认识论和方法论的变化,从而产生新的高等教育研究范式。该研究范式的旨趣从"数据崇拜"向"数据正义"转变。该研究范式的特征为:研究者的主体性与技术理性结合、计算思维和因果思维结合、研究效率与研究质量并重。该研究范式的价值体现为促进学科建设、解决高等教育实践问题和凝练高等教育思想。为了实现研究范式的旨趣转换,高等教育研究者需要具备范式旨趣转换意识、培养学科情感、研究方法训练、高等基本理论的修养。     

从学者治理、学校治理到学术治理 ——高等教育普及化时代的研究型大学治理

从精英阶段、大众化阶段到普及化阶段,研究型大学的治理发生了较大变化,主要特征是从学者治理发展为学校治理再发展到学术治理。治理变迁与研究型大学的内外部动力机制变化密切相关：单一外部机制和静态内部机制造就学者治理,多重外部机制和稳态内部机制要求学校治理,多重外部机制和动态内部机制催生学术治理。当前研究型大学的治理普遍面临内部自由探索与外部问责张力加强、全球规范机制与本国实践矛盾加深这两大时代挑战,中国研究型大学要回应好普及化时代的挑战,先要涵育理性、自主的现代品质。     

Dissection versus Prosection: A Comparative Assessment of the Course Experiences,Approaches to Learning,and Academic Performance of Non-medical Undergraduate Students in Human Anatomy

Many institutions rely upon prosection-based laboratories as more resource-efficient and time-effective alternatives to traditional cadaver dissection for human anatomy education. To facilitate growing enrollment numbers despite resource limitations, the University of Guelph (a non-medical institution) introduced a modified “stepwise” prosection-based laboratory cohort to supplement a dissection-based course. In this design, all students attended the same lectures, but those in the dissection-based cohort learned by performing regional dissections and students in the prosection-based cohort studied from those dissections. Prosection students thereby witnessed a “slow reveal” of structures throughout the course. This study compared the perceived course experiences, student approaches to learning, and academic performance between the two groups. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to isolate the effect of the laboratory environment on student approaches to learning and academic performance from demographic and situational covariates. Both groups reported positive course experience ratings and high average final grades that were not statistically dissimilar (P > 0.05), increased reliance on deep approaches to learning (P = 0.002), and decreased reliance on surface approaches to learning (P = 0.023). When controlling for covariates, participation in dissection had small but statistically significant positive associations with deep approaches to learning (P = 0.043), performance on laboratory oral assessments (P < 0.001), and average final grades (P = 0.039). Ultimately, both designs promoted meaningful learning and desirable performance outcomes, indicating that both dissection and stepwise prosection have the potential to facilitate high quality human anatomy instruction.