Ethical Codes in the Professions

Why do professions develop ethical codes? How similar are ethical codes across professions? How are codes enforced? Should the measurement profession develop such a code?     

Problem Solving in the Professions

The authors express the view that algorithms and heuristics may be used to help improve professional problem solving abilities provided that they are appropriately contextualised within the relevant discipline.

The first part of this paper presents a basic algorithm applied to the engineering discipline. A similar algorithm applicable in the solving of legal problems is presented later in the paper. Problem complexity and related variables are discussed as are ways of teaching problem solving and integrating problem solving into the curriculum. Typical problem solving exercises are described.     

Professions and Politics

The Hu Feng counterrevolutionary clique put forth a program under the guise of literary theory. Furthermore, this counterrevolutionary program has as its central idea the proposals that writers should not concern themselves with politics, and literature should not serve politics. …     

Evaluation of Education for the Professions

All who educate for the professions share certain common problems: (a) defining the professional's role in precise terms, (b) identifying the essential components to prepare him to function in that role, (c) developing these into an adequate program, (d) selecting good prospects for the profession, (e) appraising the adequacy of the program, and (f) encouraging the growth of professionals in practice. Because instruments available for screening prospective professionals are far from perfect, and using the data obtained from them tends to involve tough decisions, too many who educate for the professions tend to rely primarily on candidates' earlier academic records and measures of scholastic aptitude. Instead, they must continue to try to identify those unique factors which contribute to success in practice and develop measuring instruments, observation techniques, and/or standard interviews which can be used to predict success prior to admission to professional preparation programs. Finally, there can be no substitute for committed staff members who can teach, who care about their students as persons, who can encourage and excite learning, and who can do the necessary research to improve the quality of professional services.     

Classification of Dual Relationships in the Helping Professions

A classification system of dual relationships is presented. Dual relationships are conceptualized as not being inherently harmful or unethical. Options available to persons involved in dual relationships are discussed.     

Minority Students and the Health Professions

Individuals from minority groups are underrepresented in medical school. . . . We must achieve a 12 percent representation of these individuals in the health professions . . . in order to equate the number of students from minority groups in medical school with the percentage of their distribution in the population at large. [Cooper, 1970]     

Introducing Research to Graduate Students in the Helping Professions

This article presents an alternative to the typical approaches used in introductory research courses through emphasis on the logic and creativity of the research process and on the problems of equating research with statistics early in one's training.     

论以专业为载体的素质教育

本文在论证高等教育本质属性的基础上提出:现代高等教育从本质上讲是专业教育,专业是实施素质教育的基石和载体。素质教育作为一种教育理念,规定了高等教育培养高素质专业人才的目标。素质教育作为一种要求,要体现在高等教育的全过程之中。以专业为载体的素质教育,强调在培养目标的框架下通过课堂内外教育的有机整合来培养高素质专业人才。具体而言,课内以培养学生的专业素质为主,有意识地兼及培养学生的综合素质;而课外则是在专业人才培养目标的规约下培养学生的综合素质。     

Professions in organizations,professional work in education

Professions are occupational arrangements for dealing with human problems. Professional ‘people work’ requires a certain interactive closeness; face‐to‐face communication is prominent in professional–client relations. This also seems the case in the educational system. But in education, organization provides the raison d’être of this profession. This organizational infrastructure enables and delimits educational interaction. The school bureaucracy is criticized by the profession; the profession has an outspoken interest in reforming its organizational infrastructure again, again and again. This article provides a theoretical analysis of teaching, which elucidates this relation between profession, organization and work.     

Contemporary Learning Environments: Designing e-Learning for Education in the Professions

Designing e-learning environments for quality professional education is a challenge for education designers, as the continuing practice of simply moving courses online can be surprisingly disabling. We argue that as universities strive to educate for excellence in professional practice, design approaches for the e-learning components must be conceptualized in a broader view of a contemporary learning environment involving integrated virtual and physical dimensions. These are comprehensively considered in an integrated way to facilitate learning experiences providing an emphasis on grounded practice. Our paper considers learning environments in the service of a broader understanding of a professional "practicum." In providing the more flexible, immediate and evolving virtual experiences, e-learning as a feature must take account of a range of education design considerations we model in a framework of elements. These are outlined, and broader issues are illuminated through a comparative case analysis of educational technology developments at Deakin University in the two professional fields of teaching and journalism. The Education Studies Online (ESO) project and the HOTcopy newsroom simulation project exemplify elements of the approach recommended in addressing the challenges of quality professional education. We highlight the generative role of the education designer in adopting an integrative and strategic stance, when creating such environments. Implications for the selection and use of various e-learning resources and corporate e-learning systems become evident as we highlight the dangers of a returning "instructional industrialism" as we risk allowing courses to "move online", rather than moving towards proposed features of contemporary learning environments.     

Professions, Competence and Informal Learning

Books reviewed:
Graham Cheetham and Geoff Chivers (2005) Professions, Competence and Informal Learning . Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. 337 pp. ISBN 1-84376-408-3; £69.95. Reviewed by Jackie Haigh, Division of Midwifery and Women's Health, Unity Building, 25 Trinity Road, Bradford, BD5 0BB, UK     

高校双专业教学管理若干问题探析

双专业制这项旨在培养复合型人才的高校教学改革实践活动,在取得成效的同时也存在着许多教学管理上的困难与问题。为确保双专业制的人才培养质量,首先要重新审视双专业的性质,准确定位第二专业,在此基础上创新管理体制,明确职责,切实加强监督。     

The Situation of Women in Technical Professions in the Federal Republic of Germany

In West Germany, women have traditionally worked in a very restricted range of jobs, with skilled women workers being concentrated in administrative and service sector employment. The article reviews the reasons for this situation and the initiatives which have been taken to increase the proportion of women in jobs traditionally undertaken by men, including technical jobs at all levels. The Federal Government supported by the Lander (West German States) has introduced a number of projects across the country to train more young women in non-traditional vocational areas, especially in the mechanical and electronic/electrical engineering fields with a view to producing skilled craft workers and technicians. The difficulties faced by young women who have taken up such training, both during the training period and when seeking work subsequently are discussed

The situation for women engineers at the professional level is also outlined and a number of strategies which may be helpful in improving the position of women in engineering in the Federal Republic is outlined. Recently, computer courses organised by women's groups have proved successful in attracting women students from a wide variety of backgrounds and age ranges with little or no previous technical or scientific training.     

Professions and educational counseling in Mexico and Latin America

Conclusion In these circumstances, the prospect of the counselor for the professions is to play a new and different role inside the field of educational counseling. This new role will rely, in great measure, on the foreseeable behavior of society and, consequently, educational systems.It is relevant to consider the kind of society which is expected to emerge in the next twenty-five years. When this desirable scenario has been defined it becomes possible and necessary to join efforts, open new pathways and formulate new alternative solutions to present problems.Educational counseling should acquire properties that give it a new, more concrete meaning in a way that allows it to be used in a more accurate and effective way institutionally, in relation to the educational system and to career and national planning.Educational counseling should be more aware of and open to what is happening in the sectors that give a mandate to education at the economic, political, and social levels.Educational counseling and counseling for professionals must have continuity inside the educational system, and it may not be reduced to the role of filling in holes and taking responsibility for the contradictions of the national education system. Counseling must have a preventive task. In order to fulfill this, it is important that counselors have a solid background in education, politics, economics, and social areas; so they should be able to establish a connection with fields of work and their development potential.It is essential to systematize and share research on the discipline in order to delineate problems which are immediate, medium, or long-range in the different areas of counseling.     

文化行业职业资格证书制度本质与现状的思考

如何更深层次地认识文化这个特殊行业的特性;科学研究符合文化强国建设要求的价值与技术要求,既符合文化发展的态势,又遵循社会发展的规律;正确对待专业与非专业两类文化行业人才,根据实际情况不断拓展行业职业工种,制定相对应的科学合理的能力考核体系;充分研究并消化近五年在艺术高职实施的经验,是文化行业职业资格证书制度科学发展所必须面对并解决的问题。     

敬业敬职 教书育人

本文从教师的职责角度出发。从抓教学文件建设、规范化备课入手。研究教材内容，改进课堂教学方法。加强实践性环节。敬业敬职。教书育人。     

Vocational Aspirations and Perceived Self-Efficacy of Doctoral Students in the Counseling Professions

A national survey was conducted to assess the preferred settings, work activities, and perceived levels of competency of doctoral students in CACREP- and APA-accredited programs.     

Physical Dimensions of Counseling: Perspective for the Helping Professions

Fifteen graduate students in the helping professions registered in a course that teaches helpers to use physical fitness as a counseling medium. The enrolled graduate students were matched with controls in four relevant areas, and both groups were pretested on 7 physiological and 11 psychological variables. The experimental students were given a 10-week treatment of physical fitness training, counseling in health habits, a life-style of well-being, and instruction in how to deliver these kinds of treatments to clients. For eight weeks the students used the skills in working with real clients. The experimental and control groups were posttested on the same variables; and multivariate and univariate analyses revealed significantly positive changes made by the experimental group. This article reports implications for graduate programs in the helping professions.