面向跨领域海量信息资源的元搜索引擎研究

跨领域海量信息资源搜索是从事交叉学科和跨学科研究的重要前提.元搜索引擎不仅可以避免独立搜索引擎覆盖面较低的局限性,而且还可以充分发挥不同独立搜索引擎之间的互补性.基于元搜索引擎的跨领域海量信息资源搜索需要解决四个关键问题,即协助用户准确表达搜索意图、消除检索词的"一词多义"和"多词一义"现象、设计自动调整检索范围的机制以及发挥用户价值.面向跨领域海量信息资源的元搜索引擎采用多领域本体、语义web和web2.O技术,较好地解决了元搜索引擎的上述四个关键问题.相对于传统元搜索引擎,面向跨领域海量信息资源的元搜索引擎在基本思路、框架设计、流程设计、关键技术四个方面发生了重要变化.     

Discovering Indigenous Australian Culture: Building Trusted Engagement in Online Environments

ABSTRACT

Promoting and facilitating access to historical collections for Indigenous communities has recently increased across Australia. Such activities have been integrated into the practices of archives and libraries seeking to reunite Indigenous people with materials that not only document their past but also inform their future. Challenges in accessing these materials go beyond retrieval and include concerns about their emotional content. The State Library of New South Wales is working to create trusted environments for Indigenous peoples and collections with both physical and digital spaces. Through the presentation of work undertaken at the State Library, this article explores how the digital environment can be an effective extension of the physical site in which cultural collections are held. In addition, this article looks at issues that must be addressed to ensure the success and ongoing viability of Web spaces, specifically, the long-standing power dynamics that often dominate interactions with Indigenous collections and that have displaced power from the traditional owners of Indigenous knowledge.     

实用分类系统与语义网：发展现状和研究课题

语义网（Semantic Web）是当前因特网的延伸，在语义网中信息被赋予清晰的定义与含义，因而计算机和人可以更好地合作。语义网的目标是要充分发挥因特网的潜力，最终使技术能够让机器支持全球化的知识交流。实现语义网的核心是对实用分类系统（ontologies）的开发和利用。实用分类系统已经远远超出图书馆学、哲学、知识表述的范畴，图书馆、信息产业、工商业都在注视语义网技术的开发和应用。研究结果表明，实用分类系统在支持电子商务的浏览和检索与知识管理配置的可互操作性方面起着关键的作用。本文针对目前语义网的发展和实用分类系统的技术，对其应用领域、主要技术和标准、研究项目、发展动向作一综述和评论，并介绍在语义网方面的几个主要研究课题。     

建立整合的知识结构贮藏库(英文)

不同的知识库对概念的语义与词义的表达都会不同。用户要在检索中使用它们就会有困难。该论文介绍了一个知识贮藏库的整合模型。这个模型全部利用开放式软件(Open-SourceSofware)以及可扩展标记语言(XML)和概念分类体系(Ontologies)的技术建成。它提供了知识库之间的知识结构映射,也为用户提供图表式界面以方便用户对知识库整合的直接参与。由于这一模型是以用户为中心,以知识结构为重点,它将为建立下一代的知识网络提供一个范例。     

Infusing Knowledge of Indigenous Lifeways Into Graduate Collection Management Education

ABSTRACT

In 2013, we conducted a survey of faculty and recent graduates from graduate schools of library and information science (LIS). The purpose of this study was to assess student (as represented by recent graduates) and faculty awareness and opinions about incorporating content about Indigenous ways into their curricula. In short, we found that recent graduates and their faculty were both aware of Indigenous ways but sought varying ways to inform themselves. Faculty believed that they covered this topic in the classes they taught, while graduates reported that they did not hear of Indigenous ways in their course work. Of the courses that LIS students take in their programs, a class on collection management provides a useful platform through which to explore Indigenous identity and access and care of Indigenous cultural knowledge.     

Meeting Reference Responsibilities Through Library Web Sites

Summary

Among the many ways the World Wide Web has changed libraries are the additional tools gained by librarians and library users for answering reference questions. In addition to the growing number of licensed resources providing the full text of articles from newspapers, magazines, academic journals, and reference works are the millions of free Web sites offering an incredible variety of information about everything. Locating the most useful of these sites and organizing them into categories on library Web sites can be enormously beneficial both to patrons and libraries. After deciding to make their sites reference portals, librarians must make a number of important decisions.     

基于统计自然语言处理技术的领域本体半自动构建研究

本体的构建是影响语义Web成功与否的重要因素之一.本文借鉴机器学习以及自然语言处理等技术成果尝试半自动构建本体,以专业研究论文为研究语料,采用N-Gram文本表达法从语料中抽取关键概念,计算主题度获取领域概念.利用改进的层次聚类算法对领域概念进行聚类以获取其等级体系,采用句法分析与统计相结合的方法从语料中获取可能的主、谓、宾模式为领域关系提供参考,并以农业史为例,设计开发了一个领域本体半自动构建实验系统,文中重点介绍了本体构建中概念的获取、等级关系、领域关系的构建以及形式化处理等关键技术的实现过程.     

Improving Access to Electronic Resources (ER) Through Usability Testing

SUMMARY

Electronic resources (ER) constitute an increasingly significant portion of library collections, both in usage and cost. It is vital to design easy, efficient access to these collections as users have other online options to meet their information needs. Thus, an important goal for ER librarians is to provide a usable ER site. Formal usability testing is a powerful tool to help librarians create the most useful site for their customers. This chapter will cover the basic components of usability testing and suggest ways in which ER librarians can lead efforts in their institution to improve the customer experience with library Web sites. ER librarians can create buy-in from library staff for usability testing as a worthwhile method to improve access to ER through involvement in the process and sharing results of the testing. The responsibilities of ER librarians vary from one institution to another, but all share in the mission of the profession to serve its customers' information needs. This chapter addresses the possibilities of usability testing as a force to maximize the user experience with the collections ER librarians manage.     

The Role of an Indigenous Nations Library Program and the Advancement of Indigenous Knowledge

ABSTRACT

The Indigenous Nations Library Program (INLP) at the University of New Mexico is entering its twelfth year of program history and developing a unique venture into Indigenous librarianship. Rather than taking a passive role of information literacy and content support, INLP is participating as an active cognitive participant in Indigenous knowledge contextualization. INLP has done this in various ways including designating culturally sensitive learning spaces, collection development, and Indigenous knowledge promotion.     

Structures and Choices for Ready Reference Web Sites

Summary

The structure of ready reference Web sites in American public and academic libraries reflects answers to consistently encountered design questions. A survey of 100 Web sites shows widespread agreement about naming these resources, using subject categories, and relying on free unlicensed Web sources for content. Opinions are divided about the optimum number of listed sources and the best ways to organize hot links. Guides and explanations rarely are provided for users. Librarians have not built these sites around commercial products, although advanced search features could make the purchase of ready reference tools more appealing. Further study of user behavior would help librarians meet the needs of their clientele.     

从多个RDFS本体中抽取子本体

RDFS本体提供了用于表达语义信息的通用框架,是语义网的基础。本体规模的增大使得对于特定领域知识利用的效率降低,从中抽取领域子本体可解决此问题。单个本体中包含的领域知识有限,从多个本体中抽取子本体可获取更多的领域知识。将RDFS本体抽象为图模型,根据RDFS推理规则和本体间映射,生成多个RDFS源本体的联合闭包。应用图理论构建抽取算法,生成以领域概念为节点的子图,得到所需的领域本体。该方法对于RDFS层次的领域本体抽取有一定的适用性,可快速有效地构建领域本体。     

中文知识组织系统形式化语义描述标准体系研究(二)——分类法共享服务系统CLSS研究与实现

本文旨在为国内外分类法拥有者快速实现现有分类法的Web版、Web Service术语服务、Linked Data化和自动分类等网络共享服务提供参考和支持。以《中国图书馆分类法》第四版为例,采用CNKOS对分类法进行语义化描述,使用Lucene全文检索引擎、Ext Js插件、Axis SOAP引擎和URL Rewrite等关键技术实现了分类法共享服务(CLSS)原型系统。经验证明所有功能模块运行和调用都符合预期效果。实践证明该套解决方案可投入使用,而且其他分类法类型的中文知识组织系统均可依此方法快速完成相应的部署。但是,对于部分复杂的自动分类需求,如要获得更为准确的分类号还需更深入的研究或人工辅助。图5。表4。参考文献21。     

Intellectual Property in the Makerspace

Abstract

In library makerspaces, there is a potential for users to infringe on other’s intellectual property rights through illegal reproduction. There is also the opportunity for makerspace users to create their own new intellectual property which could then be protected. This article presents a case study from a library makerspace working to address intellectual property issues, as well as a survey of other library makerspaces detailing how they are currently addressing such concerns. Results conclude that while currently there is a lack of targeted services and resources, libraries need to create policy, services, and collections targeted towards intellectual property in their makerspaces.     

Changing Research Patterns and Implications for Web Page Design

Abstract

Despite major, ongoing changes in the profession and in library school curricula, the basic principles of librarianship can and should always be applied, regardless of medium or situation. However, patrons have changed the ways they prefer to search for and access information. This means that librarians must both update their understanding of these principles and find ways to apply them more proactively. One effective response is to design and market library Web pages as preferred gateways to electronic information and instruction. Librarians can transform Web pages into “one-stop-shopping information portals” for users, providing not only information, but also instruction in how to find and evaluate information. Applying Ranganathan's Five Laws of Library Science to Web page designis a useful way to determine iflibrarians are providing the kind of Web pages their patrons need.     

Chauffeured by the User

Abstract

Librarians have not traditionally been the developers of iiifurnuition retrieval systems. However, with the growth of the World Wide Weh and online knowledge management opportunities, academic librarians have begun to emerge as online system developers and designers. As librarians jockey lor position as experts in understanding information-seeking behavior in this virtual landscape, they must learn about usability testing. Usability testing reveals how users search for online information and is a key component in determining when a product is easy to use and ready for public use. Both the University of Arizona and OCLC have undergone usability evaluation in various ways and have integrated results of these evaluations into their Web and online product designs.     

Instruction in a Virtual Environment

Abstract

In 2002, librarians at the Utah State University (USU) Libraries were awarded a grant to develop online tutorials. The major design challenge was to create tutorials specific to USU resources and students, including distance learners, while also making them flexible so that other Utah colleges and universities can adapt them for their own needs. The tutorials also needed to address the information behavior of a new generation of students accustomed to using computers and the Internet. While recent studies have begun to address some gaps in our knowledge of the information behavior of the Web Generation, we conducted a needs assessment to help us create a tutorial that more accurately addresses the existing knowledge and behavior of undergraduates at USU. We used multiple methods to determine the learning needs of our audience and to provide guidance for the design process.     

Centering Indigenous Knowledge: Three Southwestern Tribal College and University Library Collections

ABSTRACT

At tribal colleges and universities, libraries are challenged to serve Indigenous communities while supporting Western formal education. In this article, we examine three tribal higher education institutions in the southwestern United States: Diné College, the Institute of American Indian Arts, and Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute. In examining the collections and their use at these libraries, we find multiple strategies to “center” Indigenous knowledge despite most materials being written by and for non-Natives. We hope the strategies present here can inspire people at libraries of all types to consider ways to include the diverse perspectives of their own communities.     

An Historical Look at the Studies on the Subject Authority File in Turkey

Abstract

Libraries are bridges between information and the library user in the context of information retrieval. Library users want to access information resources according to their topic. Therefore, it is important to create subject entries in bibliographic records. If subject added entries and their redirects are done correctly, it will make it easier for users to access the information they are looking for. In this article the collaborative studies and projects made in Turkey are being discussed.     

Working Without a Crystal Ball: Predicting Web Trends for Web Services Librarians

ABSTRACT

User-centered design is a principle stating that electronic resources, like library Web sites, should be built around the needs of the users. This article interviews Web developers of library and non-library-related Web sites, determining how they assess user needs and how they decide to adapt certain technologies for users. According to the panel, to understand these issues, Web services librarians should (a) give patrons a way to provide feedback on library sites; (b) observe and contemplate technology in a group setting; (c) only adapt technology that addresses a specific patron need; and (d) consider the library Web site as a part of the library, not a replacement for it.     

Yeah,I Found It! Performing Web Site Usability Testing to Ensure That Off-Campus Students Can Find the Information They Need

Abstract

A well-designed and user-friendly Web site is essential with the large and rapid increase in the number of off-campus users. Web site usability studies can help ensure that libraries provide effective and efficient access to their Web site for both on-and off-campus users. Formal usability studies, focus groups, and cognitive walkthroughs are usability techniques that can be incorporated into a Web site study. These three techniques will be discussed with real life experiences added in to provide the reader with suggestions of how to and how not to use the techniques.