广东、广西常见鸟类的疟原虫初步调查

自1995年5月至1996年8月先后对广东、广西部分地区的常见鸟类的疟原虫进行了初步的调查，共检获鸟类26种，共367只．发现疟原虫6种，分别是三趾鹑疟原虫（P．（H）．turnixsp．nov．），广西疟原虫（P．（N．）guangxiensesp．nov．），似联核疟原虫（P．（N．）parajuxtanucleare），残疟原虫（P．（H．）relictum），沃氏疟原虫（P．（N．）vaughani），还有一疟原虫为待定种（Plasmodiumsp．）对它们的红内期形态及红外期的寄生部位进行了研究．黄脚三趾鹑为国内外首次发现有疟原虫寄生，残疟原虫、沃氏疟原虫为广西新记录．     

New Records of Four Speciesand One New

描述了广东和海南省５种鸟类疟原虫，其中１个是新种和４种为中国新记录．如弯形疟原虫是世界性分布的一种鸟疟原虫，其成熟裂殖体偏爱幼稚组细胞，红内期裂体生殖同期是４８ｈ．冈德氏疟原虫被外国学者认为仅分布于非洲，它在我国的发现具有重要意义．该虫无性体携带３～５颗疟色素聚集成一丛，有性体是瘦长的．以上两种隶属于齐奥虫亚属（Ｇｉｏｖａｎｎｏｌａｉａ）．新种———竹鸡疟原虫在诺维虫亚属（Ｎｏｖｙｅｌａ）中是最小的疟原虫之一，无论是无性体还是两性配子体皆钳入宿主细胞核里面，配子体是属于非典型的长形体．嗜核疟原虫与嗜核疟原虫亚种在红细胞内的形态特征几乎是相同的，但嗜核疟原虫发育成熟的裂体甚罕见，嗜核疟原虫亚妥鸟空鸟种的大量成熟裂殖体自然脱离红血球落入血浆中．它们感染金丝雀的致病程度亦有显著的差别．关键词疟原虫原，新种，新记录     

疟疾典型症状——先发冷、后热发的病理

疟疾是由疟原虫引起的传染病。疟原虫主要寄生于人体的肝脏实质细胞和红细胞内,疟疾寒热发作的周期和红细胞内期疟原虫裂体增殖的周期相一致。在红细胞内,疟原虫以血红蛋白为养料生长发育为裂殖体。疟疾的发作和红细胞内期裂殖体胀破红细胞的时间相一致。当大量成熟的裂殖体胀破红细胞时,疟原虫裂殖子,及疟原虫的各种代谢产物、残余和变性的血红蛋白、以及红细胞碎片等一起进入血液,它们大部分被巨噬细胞以及多形核细胞吞噬并刺激这些细胞产生和释放内源性致热源。后者和疟原虫的代谢产物一起经血液循环透过血脑屏障,使一些生物活性物质如前列腺素E、单胺类以及环磷酸腺苷增加,并以此为中介,作用于视前区──下丘脑前部的中枢性温     

食蟹猴疟原虫子孢子多态性研究

采用猴1－蚊－猴。循环感染的方法，对疟原虫子孢子多态性学说进行验证．结果发现．接种了食蟹猴疟原虫速发型虫体子孢子的名只猕猴，在接种后第8天全部出现速发．除一只死之外其余猴也全部出现复发；接种了食蟹猴疟原虫迟发到虫体于孢子的2只猕猴也都出现速发和复发．因此．用子孢子多态性学说很难解释食蟹猴疟原虫的复发．食蟹猴疟原虫不具有两种类型的子孢子．     

我国一鸟疟原虫新记录——嗜核疟原虫的描述

在海南岛保亭县猎捕2隻白腰文鸟(Lonchura striata),它们体内自然感染了一种小型疟原虫,根据其形态特征,鉴定为嗜核疟原虫。     

鸟类疟原虫的生物学研究概况

根据国内外几十年来对鸟疟原虫在生物学方面的研究报导，在分类、红内期、红外期、蚊媒期及鸟疟原虫的超微结构方面作为较详细的综述．     

科学发现

艾滋病病毒与疟原虫间的重要联系法国巴斯德研究所科学家最近发现,被艾滋病病毒感染的孕妇被疟原虫感染后,其体内的艾滋病病毒传染给胎儿的危险会大大提高。巴斯德研究所在喀麦隆分支机构的科学家对当地131名怀孕并感染艾滋病病毒的妇女做了调查。这些妇女同时也都受到过疟原虫的感染。科学家发现,在这些孕妇体内的胎盘中,一些免疫细胞已经变异。细胞分裂素含量大大增加,这可以方便艾滋病病毒在胎盘中的复制,同时削弱胎儿的免疫系统的能力。科学家认为,同时感染艾滋病病毒与疟原虫的妇女在非洲非常普遍。如果艾滋病病毒与疟原虫间的重要联系…     

我国鸟类疟原虫一新记录——冈德氏疟原虫

本文描述了来自粵北山区白额山鹧鸪(Arborophila gingica)体内一种罕见的疟原虫。经反复的观察,最终鉴定为冈德氏疟原虫。该虫隶属于齐奥虫亚属(Giovannolaia)。     

二种鸟疟原虫红内期的超微结构的观察

通过对广西疟原虫新种（Plasmodiumguangxiensesp．nov．）、三趾鹑疟原虫新种（Plasmodiumturnixsp．nov．）的红内期有性体和无性体电镜观察，结果表明2种的超微结构与前人报导的已知种的超微结构基本一致．     

浅析西周鸟盖人足盉

西周是一个重礼教的社会,青铜器在这里不仅是贵族身份和权利的象征器物,还是神权的一种表现,同时这与青铜器自身的纹饰与造型也有着密切的关系。西周社会生活也决定了鸟纹饰必然会大量出现在西周青铜器物上。     

极疟原虫在我国红耳鹎中的发现

从广东省清远县的红耳鹎外周血液中检得一株极疟原虫(Plasmodium polare),本文对该虫作了详细描述及附图说明。     

南充市同域分布的白腰文鸟白颊噪鹛和白头鹎巢和巢材比较研究

2011年2—9月对四川省南充市西山风景区人工林白腰文鸟、白颊噪鹛和白头鹎3种同域分布鸟类鸟巢及巢材进行了相关研究．结果表明：在该研究区域内,3种鸟的总营巢数为19个．鸟巢参数测量结果显示,3种鸟巢离地高、巢干重、外长半径、外短半径、内短半径之间的差异不显著,巢深、巢高2种指标在自腰文鸟和另2种鸟巢之间存在的差异达到极显著水平,而内长半径的极显著性差异出现在白腰文鸟和白颊噪鹛两种鸟之间;3种鸟巢均可明显分为3层,固定层、沥水层和调温层;3种鸟的巢材选择较为广泛,白腰文鸟、白颊噪鹛和白头鹎巢材选择种类依次为16种、27种和25种,分属禾本科、莎草科、樟科、桑科、十字花科、柏科、苔藓植物门石竹亚纲、苋科、葡萄科、木犀科、芸香科、蓼科和豆科植物．其中：3种鸟共同选择的巢材有白茅、风尾竹叶、荩草、天竺桂树叶、矛叶荩草、小叶榕气生根、薄菜、侧柏、构树叶、獯草、慈竹叶和密序野古草等12种植物;白腰文鸟、白颊噪鹛和白头鹎各自选择最多的巢材依次是小糠草、枇杷树叶和荩草,占其各自干重的比例为43．68％、13．98％和14．05％．     

沱江内江段冬季鸟类群落多样性研究

2007年11月至2008年3月采用路线调查法对沱江内江段地区冬季鸟类群落进行了调查,共记录到鸟类8目27科56种;其中留鸟27种（占48．2％）,冬候鸟17种（占30．4％）,夏候鸟4种（占7．1％）,旅鸟8种（占14.3％）;区系分析显示,共有东洋界鸟类11种（占19．6％）,古北界鸟类26种（占46．4％）,广布种鸟类19种（占34％）;多样性分析得出沱江内江段鸟类群落多样性指数H在4条调查样线区域分别为：1．26,1．29,1．29,1．22,冬季鸟类群落多样性指数2．53;均匀性指数分别为0．79,0．80,0．80,0．79．优势种为白鹊鸽（P=0．15）,白颊噪鹛（P=0．10813）．     

宜春学院新校区校园鸟类多样性初步调查

2008年3月-2009年12月,采用样点法对宜春学院新校区校园鸟类初步调查,结果表明校园有鸟类45种,隶属9目20科31属。其中留鸟27种、候鸟18种（冬候鸟12种、夏候鸟6种）,国家重点保护鸟类1种。其中东洋界的鸟有23种,古北界的14种,等。宜春学院新校区的鸟类组成,东洋界种类具有显著的优势。其中优势种主要有黑尾蜡嘴雀Eophona migratoria、白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis、北红尾鸲Phoenicurus auroreus、白鹡鸰Motacilla alba（White Wagtail）、乌鸫Turdus merula和树麻雀Passer montanus。     

白额山鹧鸪体内的台湾疟原虫的研究

描述了源于白额山鹧鸪(Arborophila gingica)体内的台湾疟原虫(Plasmodiumformosanum)红内期各阶段虫体的形态特征。血传转种该寄生虫至本地幼鸽和幼鸭均未成功,转种同种类乌成功,其潜伏期为 5 d,红内期裂体生殖周期为 48h,致乏库蚊(Culexpipiens fatigans)和白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)感染未成功。     

南洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落结构及多样性分析

2005年5月~2007年4月采用固定样带法和样点法对南洞庭湖自然保护区的鸟类群落进行了调查研究,共纪录到鸟类164种,隶属16目42科96属,其中冬候鸟84种、夏候鸟30种、留鸟38种,旅鸟12种,分别占51.22%、18.30%、23.17%、7.32%;古北界种类87种(占52.5%,另有新北界种类1种),东洋界种类43种(占26.9%),广布型种类33种(占20%);国家Ⅰ级保护种类6种,国家Ⅱ级保护种类29种。南洞庭湖湿地鸟类群落多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener)为3.991 0,均匀性指数(Pielou)为0.542 4。通过对该区的鸟类群落结构及多样性进行分析研究,进一步摸清了南洞庭湖湿地鸟类生存现状、类型、分布,从而研究洞庭湖的鸟类资源及生态环境提供科学依据。     

Transfer of oddity learning in the pigeon

Two pigeons were trained on a six-key modified oddity-from-sample procedure. The stimuli were olor pictures of birds, butterflies, and human faces. Initially, the third peck on the sample key which presented one of three different bird pictures) lit only one comparison key. Every three dditional pecks on the sample illuminated another comparison key. Fifteen sample pecks produced he maximum of five comparison stimuli. A peck on the comparison key that presented the non-atching bird picture produced grain. Pecks on matching keys turned off all the comparison keys nd repeated the trial. The birds learned to peck each sample until the non-matching comparison timulus was produced, and then to peck that key. After acquisition (70%–90% accuracy), the hree bird stimuli were replaced by a new set of three bird pictures. Subsequent phases provided ew sets of bird, butterfly, and human face stimuli. Both birds showed transfer of oddity learning o the novel samples. The data suggest that the birds may have been engaging in conceptual-type oddity learning, rather than learning discrete five-key discriminations or a series of two component chains.     

Conspecific individual recognition between starlings after toxicant-induced sickness

After feeding in the presence of a cagemate (Group S, n = 16), food-deprived starlings were intubated with the toxicant methiocarb (Group E, n = 8) or its nontoxic carrier, propylene glycol (Group C, n = 8). During the 4 days after intubation, the birds in Groups E and C were presented on 2 days with the Group S bird that was present during gavage (S+ bird) and on the other 2 days with another Group S bird (S? bird). Group E (but not Group C) birds were more agonistic toward S+ birds than S? birds, fed less in their presence, and were less likely to enter and perch in the same cage quadrant with them. A second experiment suggested that such differential behavior was probably not the result of behaviors exhibited by the S+ birds. Few calls were recorded in either experiment. Although acoustic signals might have been involved, we suggest that the starlings might have used visual cues to recognize individual conspecifics that were present during aversion learning.     

Systematic errors in pigeons’ memory for event duration: Interaction between training and test delay

Pigeons trained to choose different stimuli following short- and long-duration signals make disproportionately more “short” choices (i.e., “choose-short errors”) following an increase in the retention interval and more “choose-long errors” following a decrease in this delay. The present experiment provided a systematic investigation of how these selective errors depend on the relationship between the training delay and the test delay. Pigeons were first trained with a 0-sec delay between the signal (2- or 8-sec food presentations) and the choice stimuli (red- and blue-lit keys). On subsequent test trials with 5- and 10-sec delays, choose-short errors predominated. Next, the birds were trained with a constant 10-sec delay and then tested with shorter or longer delays on some trials. The birds now responded accurately and without selective errors at the 10-sec training delay, but made choose-long errors at shorter delays and choose-short errors at longer delays. Finally, the birds were trained with a constant 20-sec delay and then tested with shorter and longer delays. Choose-long errors again appeared at shorter test delays, choose-short errors at longer test delays, and no differential errors at the 20-sec training delay. The selectivity of these errors generally increased with the absolute difference between the training and test delay. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.