作家的使命和责任--论西欧作家与第一次世界大战

第一次世界期间,西欧作家分裂为挺战和反战两大阵营,成为民族主义和世界公民的思想分歧之所在.血腥的战争使作家们认清了自己的神圣使命和职责:捍卫自由、民主、和平和永恒的人道主义.     

论中国参加第一次世界大战之得失

中国参加第一次世界大战,是中立政策破产后作出的必然选择,也是符合时宜的选择.这一举动给中国带来了三个方面的好处:取消了德奥在华的特权;停付或缓付了庚子赔款;参加了巴黎和会并获得某些利益.     

革命先驱李大钊眼中的第一次世界大战

第一次世界大战是20世纪世界历史上的大事之一,它对世界影响极大,对中国的思想界也产生了重大的影响,当时的思想界对之认识不一,而中国早期马克思主义者李大钊就因其独特的思想个性、理论素养和社会经历,对这次大战有着独特的见解。     

第一次世界大战中的英国战略

第一次世界大战期间的英国战略,服务于英国的国家利益。但在采取什么样的战略路线、什么时候和在什么地点、使用何种及多少力量才能最有利于维护国家利益等具体一些的问题上,军队与行政之间、军队内部,存在着不同的意见和主张。本文对第一次世界大战期间英国所执行的战略路线、军事战略传统以及主要争论等问题,进行具体的历史分析和考察,以期获得对战时英国战略的一个比较全面而又合乎逻辑的认识。     

Reading at the front: books and soldiers in the First World War

Abstract

This paper focuses on the reading and educational practices of common soldiers during the First World War. It argues that the question of how war libraries were imagined and constructed by civilians needs to be framed in the larger context of pre-war Edwardian debates surrounding the “value of books” in society. Indeed, it was within this debate that “humanities activists” first sought to play a role in times of crisis, confident that the war library operation had the blessing of prominent authors. The paper analyses the experience of British self-improvers at the front, their enduring connections with adult education institutions at home and the opportunities that the war opened up to new Australasian common readers fighting as part of the colonial expeditionary forces.     

The quotidianisation of the war in everyday life at German schools during the First World War

Abstract

The outbreak of the First World War had a powerful impact on German schools. Undoubtedly, schools were institutions of socialisation that did offer support to the war. Indeed, research has shown that a specific “war pedagogy” made an aggressive propaganda possible in the classroom. This research usually emphasises the enthusiasm for war that swept up teachers and students in schools, as in the rest of the population, in the first few months of the war. However, this emphasis on the war frenzy obscures the fact that schools were not easily transformed into war institutions. Even if schools made a great effort to align themselves with the war effort, they remained independent associations, and soon after 1914, a quotidianisation (akin to routinisation) arose within the schools. To date, source materials that show this lack of influence of wartime propaganda on schools have only been analysed in terms of what they reveal about the deprivations and hardships of schools during the war. However, records from the schools also shed light on the everyday routines that continued during the war, and such evidence calls on scholars to reconsider the conditions in schools in the First World War. This article analyses selected records including school chronicles and exam protocols from the war years and shows that school life was often distinct from war enthusiasm. A more complex view is therefore advocated of the relationship between the First World War and the German school.     

The Swiss Willensnation at risk: teachers in the cultural gap during the First World War

As a neutral and multilingual country, Switzerland struggled with major domestic political conflicts during the First World War due to the two cultures of the French-speaking and German-speaking parts of the country. The divided cultural loyalties (‘fossé moral’, ‘Röstigraben’), consisting of Swiss-Germans supporting Germany and Swiss-French supporting France, were discussed intensively in both of the main teachers’ journals in Switzerland. Teachers felt the need to react and to promote unity from the beginning of the war. Despite the fact that the cantons are responsible for public education and, therefore, for the education of their students, teachers considered themselves called to educate their students to be national citizens rather than to be members of a language group. This threefold citizenship – communal, cantonal and national – was not scrutinised, but national unity became crucial due to the critical political circumstances. How did teachers promote and constitute citizenship for themselves and for their students in a nation united by free will during the First World War, a time of severe internal political conflicts?     

论朱镜我对二次大战的认识

朱镜我从第二次世界大战爆发,到1941年牺牲前,发表了若干有关对二次大战及相关问题认识的文章。他对二次大战的认识甚为精辟,而且很有预见性,显示了其职业革命家的远见和卓识。     

浅析美国第二次世界大战残疾退伍军人福利政策

美国退伍军人是一个庞大的特殊群体,残疾退伍军人则是特殊中的特殊。在既享受国家基本退伍福利的同时,二战残疾退伍军人还享受针对身体残疾设计的收入维持性福利、就业优待、医疗福利和残疾辅助装备等福利政策。这些福利政策,既能维持竞争力受到损害后残疾退伍军人的生存,也能保证个人和家庭生活质量的不降低,有利于退伍军人身份的顺利转换,以及美国社会的稳定与发展。     

第一次世界大战前期英国对美国的战争宣传

第一次世界大战前期,英国为取得中立国美国的同情和支持,通过掌控信息源头、建立专门的宣传机构、主动提供新闻信息、争取美国记者和社会名流同情以及消除不利影响等措施,在美国塑造了对英国有利的战时舆论,达到了预期的宣传效果。     

试析美国一战时的经济动员

一战以前的美国战争动员专注于人力动员，经济动员未受到应有的重视。美国政府从历次战争，特别是宣扬总体战的内战的经验教训中。认识到了经济总动员的重要性。一战时，美国采取了对经济进行全面动员的措施，从而保障了战争的胜利。