Application of Corncob-Based Activated Carbon as Electrode Material for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors

To investigate the influence of expansion pretreatment for materials on carbon structure,activated carbons(Acs)were prepared from corncob with/without expansion pretreatment by KOH activation,the struc...     

电化学双层电容器中碳纳米管电极的化学法处理

Multi-walled carbon nanombes with homogeneous diameters （40 - 60 nm）, produced by chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon gas, are purified by nitric acids. Infrared and Raman studies indicate that oxygen containing surface groups, which are predominately carboxylic, phenolic and lactonic groups, are introduced into purified carbon nanotubes. Then three kinds of block-form porous tablets of carbon nanotubes are fabricated as electrodes in electrochemical double-layer capacitors. Using mounded mixture comprising carbon nanotubes and binder powders provides these tablets. Comparison of the effect of different processing on the structural performance of the capacitors is specifically investigated. Using chemically treated electrodes, electrochemical double-layer capacitors with a specific capacitance of about 33 F/g are obtained with 38 wt % H2SO4 as the electrolyte.     

球磨工艺对活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响

The effects of particle size of activated carbon （AC） on its wettability, electrode coating technology and electric chemical performance were studied to assemble nonaqueous electric double layer capacitors （EDLCs） for high power requirements. The results show that the specific surface area and total pore volume of AC decrease from 2 137 m^2/g to 1 683 m^2/g, and 0.95 cm^3/g to 0.78 cm^3/g, respectively, if it is ball-milled for 8 h. The pore size distributions are similar in the range of 0.7 nm to 3.5 nm for different ball-milling time. There exists oxidation on the surface of AC during the ball-milling process and the ratios of O-C=O oxygen compositions increase whereas those of C-O, C=O decrease. The peeling strength of AC coated on current collector is almost inverse proportion with the particle size of AC as well as the resistance of EDLCs, and its capacitance decreases about 6%.     

特殊电容器场强及电容计算的探讨

对特殊电容器一极板不平行的电容器进行了研究,主要采用数学物理方法中的复变函数及保角变换理论,结合电磁学和电动力学中的一些基本理论,对其进行了分析和研究,推导出了该类电容器特性参数一电场分布函数以及电容的计算公式,以及电场分布函数和电容值在具体条件下的计算方法．     

载铁颗粒活性炭的制备及其表征

本文以废活性炭为原料,氧化铁为添加剂,通过高温煅烧的方法制备载铁颗粒活性炭（IOCGAC）。结果表明,IOCGAC制备的最佳工艺参数为:煅烧终温为900℃,升温速率为6℃·min^-1,m(氧化铁)/m（废活性炭）为4∶6,恒温时间为0.5 h,所得产品的比表面积达630.5m²·g^-1,收率为50.9%。对其进行SEM,IR,XRD表征分析,结果表明活性炭的表面负载了一层致密的铁氧化物,且主要以α-     

利用造纸厂废水污泥制备活性炭

以造纸废水处理厂污泥为主要原料,采用化学活化法制备活性炭,考查了活化剂的浓度、活化温度、活化时间、固液比等方面对污泥吸附性能的影响.结果表明:在氯化锌溶液为40%、活化温度为600℃、活化时间为15 min、固液比为1∶3的最佳条件下制备的污泥活性炭碘值达到320 mg·g-1,而加入10%的茶梗添加剂制备的活性炭碘值可达503 mg·g-1,因此引入添加剂可以改善污泥活性炭的吸附性能.利用该污泥活性炭处理含苯酚废水,具有较好的处理效果,因此加强开发并推广污泥制备活性炭新技术,实现废水污泥的资源化利用,成为处理剩余污泥的一种有效途径.     

酚醛树脂基球形活性炭的制备及其吸附性能的初步研究

以酚醛树脂为原料,采用水蒸汽活化法制备酚醛树脂基球形活性炭.讨论了不同的预氧化、炭化、活化条件下对所制得的活性炭碘、苯吸附值的影响.结果表明,在炭化升温速率为2℃/min,炭化温度为800℃;活化温度为800℃,活化时间为1h,水蒸汽流量为0.4mL.min-1的条件下,可制得比表面积为726 m2.g-1,活化后碘值、苯值及强度分别为806mg/g、234mg/g、9.85N/粒的酚醛树脂基球形活性炭.     

更昔洛韦在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为

运用循环伏安法研究了更昔洛韦在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电化学行为,提出了一种简便、准确、灵敏的检测药物更昔洛韦的电化学分析方法．在pH 4．0的0．04 M B-R（磷酸＋冰醋酸＋硼酸）缓冲溶液中,更昔洛韦在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上于1．08 V电位处有一峰形很好的氧化峰．与裸玻碳电极相比,更昔洛韦在单壁碳纳米管修饰电极上的电位负移了近30 mV,峰电流增加了近15倍,表明该修饰电极对更昔洛韦有较强的电催化作用．在最佳的试验条件下,氧化峰电流与更昔洛韦在3．5×10-7～1．2×10-5 M浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,检出限为1．8×10-8 M．该方法可用于药剂中更昔洛韦的分析．     

Electrochemical behavior of insulin on pretreated carbon black electrode enhanced with silicon carbide nanostructure

We previously reported the direct electrochemical detection of insulin at bare carbon electrodes. Here a novel modified acetylene carbon black paste electrode(SiC/CB-CPE), based on the outstanding characteristics of silicon carbide nanostructure,was developed for the electrooxidation of insulin in alkaline solution and it was characterized by cyclic voltammetry(CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) in 5 mmol/L Fe(CN)63-/4- solution. It is found that silicon carbide nanostructure doped into the CB-CPE greatly facilitates the redox electrochemistry of Fe(CN)63-/4- probe and the electrochemical oxidation of insulin. The electrooxidation of insulin is a one-electron and one-proton reaction and an irreversible adsorption-controlled electrode process. The anodic oxidation current increases linearly with the concentration of insulin from 1×10-7mol/L to1.2×10-6mol/L in 0.1 mol/L Na2CO3-NaHCO3 buffer solution(pH 10.0) and the detection limit was 50 nmol/L. In addition, the SiC/CB-CPE shows good sensitivity, reproducibility, renewability and capacity of resisting disturbance.     

Adsorption characteristics of activated carbon derived from scrap tires for malachite green: Influence of small organics

The influence of small organics on the adsorption characteristics of activated carbon produced from industrial pyrolytic tire char（APTC）for malachite green（MG） was investigated by a batch method. Phenol was chosen as the representative of small organics. The effects of phenol on adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied systematically. The results indicate that APTC is a potential adsorbent for MG. The presence of phenol decreases the adsorption capacity of APTC for MG, but improves the rate of adsorption, while the adsorption characteristics, such as equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics are not affected by phenol. The adsorption equilibrium data follow Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data are well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process follows intra-particle diffusion model and the adsorption rate is determined by more than one process. Thermodynamic study shows that the adsorption is an endothermic and spontaneous physisorption process.     

白芍秸秆制备活性炭的工艺研究

利用以白芍秸秆废料为原料,采用磷酸活化法制备活性炭,研究了磷酸浓度、浸渍时间、炭化温度和炭化时间对白芍秸秆活性炭产品碘吸附值、亚甲基蓝吸附值和收率的影响。在最佳工艺条件下,所制备的活性炭的比表面积达到677.7 m2/g,对碘的吸附值为1098.6 mg/g,亚甲基蓝的吸附值为316.4 mg/g,收率为60.5%。     

ZnCl_2催化污泥活性炭的正交实验及热动力学分析

以城市污水厂脱水污泥为原料,采用ZnCl2活化法制备污泥活性炭,以品红吸附值及比表面积为评价指标设计正交实验。结果表明:主要影响因素为热解温度,ZnCl2浓度,浸泡时间及固液比的影响较小。最佳制备条件为:热解温度550℃,ZnCl2浓度3 mol/L,浸泡时间为5 h,固液比1∶3。采用Coats-Redfern积分法对ZnCl2活化后的污泥热失重过程中450℃~650℃温度段进行分析,该温度段在n=2时方程拟合线性较好。反应活化能为146.04 KJ/mol,频率因子为3.95×107s-1,动力学方程为:dαdt=3.95×107exp(-17 565.919 1)(T1-α)2。     

Effect of a biological activated carbon filter on particle counts

Due to the importance of biological safety in drinking water quality and the disadvantages which exist in traditional methods of detecting typical microorganisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, it is necessary to develop an alternative. Particle counts is a qualitative measurement of the amount of dissolved solids in water. The removal rate of particle counts was previously used as an indicator of the effectiveness of a biological activated carbon （BAC） filter in removing Cryptosporidium and Giardia. The particle counts in a BAC filter effluent over one operational period and the effects of BAC filter construction and operational parameters were investigated with a 10 m^3/h pilot plant. The results indicated that the maximum particle count in backwash remnant water was as high as 1296 count/ml and it needed about 1.5 h to reduce from the maximum to less than 50 count/ml. During the standard filtration period, particle counts stay constant at less than 50 count/ml for 5 d except when influenced by sand filter backwash remnant water. The removal rates of particle counts in the BAC filter are related to characteristics of the carbon. For example, a columned carbon and a sand bed removed 33.3% and 8.5% of particles, respectively, while the particle counts in effluent from a cracked BAC filter was higher than that of the influent. There is no significant difference among particle removal rates with different filtration rates. High post-ozone dosage （〉2 mg/L） plays an important role in particle count removal; when the dosage was 3 mg/L, the removal rates by carbon layers and sand beds decreased by 17.5% and increased by 9.5%, respectively, compared with a 2 mg/L dosage.     

活性炭/二氧化锰复合材料的制备及性能研究

采用水热法,以果壳活性炭为载体,制备活性炭（AC）/二氧化锰（MnO2）纳米线复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、比表面及孔径分析仪、同步热分析仪（TG）以及紫外可见吸收光谱（UV/Vis）对所得材料的组成、形貌和结构进行表征,并对其光催化性能进行研究。结果表明:采用水热法可实现活性炭与MnO2的有效复合。在复合材料中,MnO2纳米线多以无定形态的形式存在且尺寸均一,将活性炭有效胶结在一起,从而使得活性炭比表面积和孔隙率降低,但其孔径大小保持不变。光催化实验结果表明,AC/MnO2复合材料对于有机染料具有明显、高效的降解效果,对亚甲基蓝的降解主要是吸附和光催化两者协同效应的结果。该结果拓展了活性炭在光催化领域的应用。     

活性炭负载金纳米颗粒复合材料的制备及吸附性能研究

通过改变反先驱体中氯金酸含量,用水热法实现不同数量金纳米颗粒在活性炭表面的负载。采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、红外光谱分析仪（IR）、同步热分析仪（TG）、比表面及孔径分析仪以及紫外可见吸收光谱（UV/Vis）对所得材料的形貌、组成和结构进行表征,并对其吸附性能进行研究。结果表明:采用水热法可实现不同数量金纳米颗粒在活性炭表面的均匀负载。负载金纳米颗粒在对活性炭组成影响不大的情况下能有效提升活性炭的热稳定性。随着负载量的增加,金纳米颗粒附着在活性炭的孔洞上引起比表面积和孔隙率逐渐减小。将活性炭负载金纳米颗粒的复合物对苯酚进行吸附处理,通过调整负载金纳米颗粒的数量可对活性炭吸附性能进行有效调控。     

氨水浓度对果壳活性炭结构及性能的影响

采用氨水浸渍法对果壳活性炭进行改性处理,讨论不同氨水浓度（5%、10%、15%、20%）对果壳活性炭结构及性能的影响。采用场发射扫描电镜、比表面及孔径分析仪及紫外分光光度计对改性后的果壳活性炭结构及吸附性能进行研究。结果表明:氨水浓度对果壳活性炭的结构及吸附性能有显著影响,当氨水浓度为10%时,活性炭表面形态清晰,凹槽分布均匀,比表面积提高至775.1382m2/g,较改性前提高了6.5%;改性前后活性炭微孔孔径集中分布在3.5 nm;果壳活性炭的吸附率随氨水浓度的变化而变化,当氨水浓度为10%和15%时,吸附率分别达到86.51%和86.54%,吸附率相比改性前有所提高。而当氨水浓度进一步增加时,活性炭对苯酚的吸附率略微下降。     

碳糊修饰电极测定抗坏血酸的研究及应用

在1.0 mool/L KCl的介质中,采用邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯修饰碳糊电极测定抗坏血酸(AA),抗坏血酸的浓度在9.1×10-6-3.4×10-3mol/L范围内与峰电流呈线性关系,相关系数r=0.9994,检测限5.7×10-6mol/L,并且探讨了电极过程的特性.测定了市售抗坏血酸片和橙汁中抗坏血酸的含量,结果满意.     

碳糊电极吸附伏安法测定痕量锑

根据锑与溴邻苯三酚红(BPR)生成的络合物在碳糊电极上的吸附特性, 建立了测定痕量锑的吸附伏安法. 整个分析过程分3个步骤: 吸附富集、还原和溶出. 用单因素变化法得出最佳试验条件为: 以含40 μmol/L BPR的0.10mol/L HCl为富集底液; 富集时间150 s; 还原和溶出介质为0.20mol/L HCl; 还原电位为-0.50V; 还原时间为60 s;扫描范围为-0.5～0.20V. 考察了共存离子的影响. 二次导数溶出峰电流与锑(Ⅲ)浓度在1. 0nmol/L～0. 50μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系, 检出限达0.5nmol/L. 该方法已成功应用于人发和水样中锑的测定.     

Adsorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenol from Aqueous Solution onto Microwave Modified Activated Carbon： Kinetics and Equilibrium

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) onto microwave modified activated carbon (AC) at three different temperatures (303 K, 313 K and 323 K). Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of the adsorption process were explored. Equilibrium data were fitted into Langmuir and Freundlich equations, and the result reveals that the Freundlich isotherm model fits better than the Langmuir model. Three simplified kinetic models: pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion equations were adopted to examine the mechanism of the adsorption process, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model proved to be the best in describing the adsorption data. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process were estimated, showing that the adsorption of 2,4-DCP was exothermic and spontaneous, and the adsorption studied in this paper can be assigned to a physisorption mechanism.     

Mathematical model for electroosmotic dewatering of activated sludge

The mechanical dewatering of activated sludge is difficult due to its high compressibility, which can be improved by electroosmosis. In electroosmosis, direct electric field is applied to sludge cake. Based on the conductivity modes of different sludge beds, a model is presented in which sludge cake consists of two series parts in the circuit: a dewatered bed and an undewatered one. The dewatered bed called solid conductor is mainly made up of immovable water and sludge particles. The undewatered bed includes movable water and solid conductor, which are connected in parallel in the circuit. The model describes the variation of water content with time and electric power consumption as a function of water content in sludge cake, and interprets the reason for the variation of electroosmotic dewatering rate. Comparison with the experimental data for electroosmotic dewatering under constant voltage supports the validity of the model.