The Birth of Miles Henry DeVries

In this birth story, a second-time mother relates her experience of birthing her son at home after her daughter was born via cesarean surgery. Support from the International Cesarean Awareness Network, as well as a home birth midwife specializing in vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC), made the dream of a vaginal birth a reality for this mom. This story highlights the importance of having a supportive care provider and laboring in a safe and comfortable environment when pursuing a VBAC.     

Processes of decision-making in small learning groups

This article focuses on possible interactions of students’ inter-individual differences and features of cooperative learning. In a first study the uncertainty- vs. certainty-orientation of 209 students (88 male, 121 female; age 13–14) in nine classrooms (8th grade) of two schools was assessed. Three uncertainty-oriented and three certainty-oriented students were selected in each classroom. In varying sequences they solved three tasks (subject matter: German, social studies, mathematics) first individually, than in orientation-homogeneous groups of three. While there were almost no differences in decision-making between uncertainty-oriented vs. certainty-oriented learners during individual sessions, learning in small groups instigated significant differences. These differences diminished with an increased structure/certainty of learning tasks. In a second study 138 students (52 female, 86 male) in all 12th grade classrooms of three schools learned for six weeks according to a modified ‘Jigsaw Puzzle Technique’. At one of the schools the teachers did not implement the cooperative model completely, but tried to stay ‘in control’. This had consequences for the study’s ability to observe students in situations of uncertain and certain learning tasks, but the researchers were able to include this school for testing critical variables.     

攀枝花市出生缺陷的现况调查

目的：掌握攀枝花市出生缺陷发生率,了解出生缺陷分布特征、影响因素、发生原因等,制定预防出生缺陷实施方案,提高出生人口素质。方法：按照“攀枝花市出生缺陷监测方案”的要求,在攀枝花市所有出生缺陷监测单位对2008年10月1日至2011年9月30日出生的围产儿进行监测。结果：共监测30111例围产儿,胎龄28周以上出生缺陷381例,出生缺陷发生率为126．5／万;男性出生缺陷发生率高于女性,差异具有统计学意义（x2=11．49,P〈0．01）;出生缺陷儿母亲各年龄组间差异无统计学意义。攀枝花市出生缺陷主要为总唇裂、多指（趾）、外耳畸形等。结论：攀枝花市三年来出生缺陷发生率呈下降趋势;全面实施出生缺陷干预措施,认真落实“三级预防”措施、强化孕期保健是减少出生缺陷发生的关键。     

When Parents Ask ... about Preterm Birth, Breastfeeding Success, Breast Cancer, or Waterbirth

IN THIS COLUMN, THE AUTHOR REVIEWS RESEARCH ON FOUR SEPARATE TOPICS: the prevention of preterm birth, the effect of epidurals on breastfeeding success, the possible protective effect of lactation on breast cancer, and laboring in water. In two separate studies-a multisite study in the United States and a second study from Brazil-natural progesterone was shown to significantly reduce the incidence of preterm birth in women at high risk. A third study conducted in the United Kingdom examined the effect of clindamycin on preventing infection that can lead to preterm birth. A group of studies related to lactation found that early breastfeeding was more successful in women who did not have epidural anesthesia. In a Korean study, the lifetime duration of breastfeeding was associated with a significant reduction in breast cancer. Concerning waterbirth, Swiss researchers found that, when a woman labored in water, she regulated both water temperature and bathing duration to ensure that her body temperature and that of the fetus remained within a normal physiological range.     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the author summarizes four research studies relevant to normal birth. The studies summarized include a systematic review of trials evaluating the benefits versus harms of routine artificial rupture of the membranes; a study of the effect of continuous female labor support by a minimally trained family member or friend on attachment and early parenting; a systematic review examining the relationship between cesarean surgery and postpartum urinary incontinence; and a randomized controlled trial of warm perineal compresses during the second stage of labor.     

Recent research questions the values of routine intervention

Under appropriate circumstances, intervention in labor and birth can be valuable, even lifesaving. But interventions can also become routine procedures. This paper reviews three recent studies in which the focus of research is common interventions: electronic fetal monitoring and epidural anesthesia. A fourth study reviewed here examines the effect of previous vaginal birth and fetal weight on the success of vaginal birth after cesarean.     

Relative Age Effect and Gender Differences in Physical Education Attainment in Norwegian Schoolchildren

The relative age effect (RAE) refers to that children born early in their year of birth show higher performance compared to children born late in the same cohort. The present study evaluated whether RAE exists within non-competitive physical education (PE) attainments, change in RAE magnitude with age, and possible gender differences. The results show a drop in PE attainment and a difference in number of high and low marks between the first and second half-year. Of the pupils who attained the highest mark, 73% were born in the first 6 months. In lower-secondary school, RAEs were larger in girls compared with boys. A possible explanation for the results is that the PE-teachers might be inspired by product-oriented criteria.     

Season of birth and school success in the early years of primary education

Several studies have reported significant relationships between children’s season of birth and measures of their academic success (i.e., the ‘season of birth effect’). Whereas most of these studies were cross‐sectional, the current study uses growth curve modelling to analyse longitudinal data on 3,187 children in Flemish primary education. The results indicate season of birth effects on both grade retention and mathematics achievement during the first two years of primary school. Because the Flemish cut‐off date is 31 December, children born in the fourth quarter (October‐November‐December) invariably are among the youngest in their grade age group. Almost 20% of these children were found to have been retained or referred to special education by the end of Grade 2, whereas for children born in the first quarter (January‐February‐March), this was only 6.34%. First quarter‐born children also showed moderately higher mathematics achievement at the start of first grade. During the next two school years, this achievement gap between children born in the first and the fourth quarter narrowed significantly. Finally, differentiated instruction was not found to be related to the decrease of the season of birth effect.     

20世纪下半叶教育哲学学科建设的本土探索

20世纪下半叶中国教育哲学的发展经历了中断、重建和发展三个阶段。这一时期,中国大陆研究者对教育哲学的研究对象、学科性质、学科体系以及研究方法等进行了探索。回顾20世纪下半叶中国教育哲学的学科建设,可以发现当前中国教育哲学发展亟待解决的四个问题：教育哲学与教育实践的关系,教育哲学学术品位的提升,教育哲学工作者国际视野的开阔以及中国教育哲学学派的形成。     

My lovely C-section

Katherine and Andrew Taylor chose to have a planned home birth. With the support of her husband, Andrew, and her midwife and doula, Katherine labored at home for 48 hours before transferring to the hospital. Baby Luke was born by cesarean about 20 hours later. Confident and supported, the Taylors were able to make informed decisions and have a positive birth experience, although it was not what they had planned.     

逻辑和语言研究的交叉互动

逻辑和语言的研究分为句法、语义和语用几个领域。在语义领域,其主要理论有蒙太格语法、广义量词理论、话语表述理论、情境语义学和类型逻辑语法。这些理论自上世纪下半叶诞生起就呈现出逻辑和语言研究的交叉互动：尽管在形式语义学框架内逻辑始终强势影响着自然语言的研究,但自然语言的丰富性通过形式语义学的研究也一直作用于逻辑工具的创新。     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the author summarizes research studies relevant to normal birth. The studies summarized include a large trial evaluating the effect of prior vaginal births after a cesarean on outcomes in subsequent births; a study linking umbilical cord blood pH with intellectual outcomes in childhood; and a prospective trial evaluating the effect of routine antenatal nonstress testing on maternal anxiety. The author also highlights four articles about normal birth in a recent nursing journal series dedicated to the topic.     

从句法翻译到语用翻译的转向——翻译研究语言学派的发展历程回顾

许多语言学家和翻译理论家试图用语言学的观点来解释翻译研究中的一系列主要问题,并逐渐形成了翻译理论的语言学派.翻译研究的语言学派从20世纪后半叶开始得到了空前的发展,对翻译研究产生了深远的影响.本文回顾了翻译学研究的语言学流派的发展历程,即由句法翻译发展为语义翻译并向语用翻译的转向,并探讨了这三个阶段的翻译研究方法的差异.     

20世纪杜威“泛职业教育观”的历史回响

杜威"泛职业教育观"问世后在美国教育发展中的命运可谓一波三折,经历了20世纪初期与以斯尼登、普罗瑟为代表的狭义职业教育观的共识与争鸣、20世纪前半期人们对这两种职业教育观的实践与得失以及20世纪后半期人们对职业教育问题的反思与抉择三个阶段。实践证明,杜威"泛职业教育观"代表了当代世界职业教育改革的基本走势。     

宣鼎生卒年及文献遗存略考

宣鼎是晚清安徽天长著名的小说家,关于其生卒年问题一直是学界研究的薄弱环节,根据最新资料,宣鼎生于道光十二年(1832)旧历九月二十八日,约卒于光绪五年(1879)旧历年底。同时通过对宣鼎后裔和文献遗存情况的调查,将有利于人们对宣鼎及其文学艺术作品的深入研究。     

Exploring the Group Prenatal Care Model: A Critical Review of the Literature

Few studies have compared perinatal outcomes between individual prenatal care and group prenatal care. A critical review of research articles that were published between 1998 and 2009 and involved participants of individual and group prenatal care was conducted. Two middle range theories, Pender’s health promotion model and Swanson’s theory of caring, were blended to enhance conceptualization of the relationship between pregnant women and the group prenatal care model. Among the 17 research studies that met inclusion criteria for this critical review, five examined gestational age and birth weight with researchers reporting longer gestations and higher birth weights in infants born to mothers participating in group prenatal care, especially in the preterm birth population. Current evidence demonstrates that nurse educators and leaders should promote group prenatal care as a potential method of improving perinatal outcomes within the pregnant population.     

Research summaries for normal birth

In this column, the author presents summaries of four research studies that further support the benefits of normal birth. The topics of the studies address midwifery care practices, labor induction and increased medical costs, vaginal birth after cesarean, and labor support from student nurse-doulas.     

Are children of young mothers disadvantaged because of their mother's age or family background?

Using a national sample of children 3 to 16 years old, this study found that the lower test scores and increased behavior problems of children born to younger mothers are not due to her age but to her family background. First, for nonfirstborn children, maternal age at first birth has a significant effect on test scores, whereas maternal age at the child's birth does not. Second, this study replicated a controversial study by Geronimus, Korenman, and Hillemeier (1994) and found that the disadvantage of children born to younger mothers is greatly reduced when maternal family background is controlled through a comparison of children born to sisters. Third, maternal age is not an important predictor of children's test score rates of improvement over time. This evidence suggests that maternal age is not causal.     

西方范式方法论的反思与重构

范式方法论是近半个世纪以来在西方比较流行的一种方法论。这种方法论对如何从事科学研究提出了一些有价值的见解，但也存在不足，值得进一步完善。文章认为有三种不同的范式方法论，即元范式论、一般范式论和方法范式论。文章在对这三种范式方法论评析的基础上，提出了一种新的方法范式论，分析了这种方法论所包含的哲学范畴、范式范畴和方法范畴及其相互关系，并对这种新的范式方法论的运用进行了说明，对这种新的范式方法论与其它三种范式方法论的异同进行了比较。     

Alternative strategy to decrease cesarean section: support by doulas during labor

This research was conducted in a public general hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. The objective was to evaluate efficacy of the support given by a doula during labor to reduce cesarean rate. From March 1997 to February 1998, a group of 100 pregnant women were studied. These women were at term, engaged in an active phase of labor, exhibited 3 cm. or more cervical dilatation, were nuliparous, had no previous uterine incision, and possessed adequate pelvises. The group was randomly divided into two subgroups comprising 50 women, each: The first subgroup had the support of a childbirth educator trained as a doula, while the second subgroup did not have doula support. Measurements were recorded on the duration of labor, the use of pitocin, and whether or not the birth was a vaginal birth or cesarean section. Characteristics and gestational age were similar in both groups. Results confirmed that support by doulas during labor was associated with a significant reduction in cesarean birth and pitocin administration. There was a trend toward shorter labors and less use of epidurals. The results of this study showed, as in other trials measuring the impact of a doula's presence during labor and birth, that doula support during labor is associated with positive outcomes that have physical, emotional, and economic implications.