托幼机构教育质量及其对儿童发展的影响述评

文章对托幼机构教育质量评价的两类测评工具———“托幼机构环境评价量表”（ECERS）和“课堂观察评定计分系统（CLASS）”的结构与指标体系进行了述评。借鉴国外托幼机构教育质量及其对儿童发展的影响的研究,我国亟需研制基于活动场景的动态的过程性质量测评工具,在多元的评价主体中发挥第三方专业机构/人员的测评优势,结合托幼机构的具体教育活动或课程分析、研判有效师幼互动的过程性特征。     

托幼机构教育质量评价面面谈

质量是托幼机构教育 各关涉方的关注焦点 戴艳虹(幼儿家长,广东省桌医药公司市场部经理):我小时候上幼儿园特别不容易,那时我妈送我上幼儿园,就是希望幼儿园能够看好我,她能够放心地去上班;现在不一样了,我女儿去年上幼儿园的时候,至少有四五所幼儿园可以供我们选择.对我来说,幼儿园仅仅做到看好孩子是远远不够的,我希望孩子上了幼儿园后,各方面能够有更好的发展.所以,去年我们不惜代价,让孩子上了一所好园.市场经济嘛,按质论价,虽然多花了许多钱,但我们觉得值.     

我国现行托幼机构教育质量评价工具研究

一、问题的提出 托幼机构教育质量评价,是幼儿教育由理论到实践、从观念到行为转化的一座桥梁,它不仅反映了一个国家占主导地位的幼儿教育价值观的理论倾向和幼儿教育的科学研究水平,而且对幼儿教育的实践工作与未来发展具有较强的导向作用."工欲善其事,必先利其器",评价工具既是联系托幼机构教育质量的理论研究和托幼机构教育质量评价实践的中介,又是托幼机构教育质量评价的灵魂.对评价工具的研究,将从根本上保证托幼机构教育质量评价工作的科学性和合理性.     

托幼机构教育质量评价概念辨析

托幼机构教育质量指的是托幼机构教育活动是否满足幼儿身心健康发展的需要及其满足幼儿身心健康发展需要的程度。托幼机构教育质量评价，是指依据一定的评价标准，对托幼机构教育实践活动是否满足幼儿身心健康发展的需要及其满足幼儿身心健康发展需要的程度所进行的价值判断。     

国际视野中的托幼机构教育质量评价——兼论我国托幼机构教育质量评价观的重构

本文重点对20世纪70年代以来国际上有关托幼机构教育质量评价的重要研究文献进行了总结和梳理。在此基础上,本文提出了我国托幼机构教育质量评价观念重构的设想,并对相关问题进行了探讨。     

托幼机构教育质量评价的多元概化理论分析

探讨托幼机构教育质量评价的信度,对提高评价的科学性和权威性具有重要意义.本文运用多元概化理论,对某次托幼机构教育质量的评价数据进行分析.评价工具为《中国托幼机构教育质量评价量表(试用版)》,评价对象为浙江省不同地区的22个托幼机构的48个班级.分析结果表明:在六个子量表中,子量表一(空间与设施)的方差分量最大,子量表三(集体教育活动)的方差分量最小;子量表三与其他五个子量表的协方差相对较小;各个子量表的可靠性指数都在0.8以上,合成可靠性指数也在0.9以上;通过增加评价者人数可以提高评价的信度,但是提高的幅度在逐步减小.     

托幼机构教育中的儿童发展评价

儿童发展水平应当成为托幼机构教育质量评价的标准之一.儿童发展的形成性评价和终结性评价不等同于具体的评价方法,两类评价的根本区别在于功能的差异以及由此决定的评价标准的不同.在托幼机构开展儿童发展评价时,评价者不仅要注意采用科学的方法收集数据资料,还要注重对数据资料的解释和判断以及对评价结果的反馈和应用.     

托幼机构教育质量：概念与构成

托幼机构(包括托儿所、幼儿园、学前班等)教育质量是托幼机构发展的永恒主题，也是托幼机构教育改革与发展的重要课题。但是，长期以来，幼教界对什么是托幼机构教育质量、托幼机构教育质量的构成等基本理论问题缺乏研究。概念不清导致观念落后，理论研究的薄弱与滞后直接影响着我国托幼机构教育质量的提高。     

国外关于师幼比对托幼机构教育质量影响的研究及其启示

国外的研究显示,师幼比是托幼机构教育质量的构成要素,对托幼机构教育质量的影响需要与班级规模和教师素质等因素相结合,并通过师幼互动这一过程性变量发挥作用。师幼比对托幼机构教育质量的影响还与文化传统和教育理念相关。我国在制定和完善幼儿园教育质量评价标准时,要关注影响学前教育质量的重要指标如师幼比及其效能的发挥,并根据各地区尤其是偏远地区和薄弱园的实际情况,对这些指标进行动态的数据收集和监测管理。     

各国托幼机构质量评价的措施概述

近年来,随着我国幼教事业的发展,人们在关注幼儿“入园难”问题的同时,又开始关注起如何才能“入好园”的问题。对于托幼机构而言,实现自身的内涵发展成为迫切需要解决的课题。托幼机构质量评价是促使托幼机构不断深化教育改革、提高教育质量的重要手段之一,因此,开展托幼机构教育质量评价,已逐渐成为当代各国幼儿教育发展的一个重要趋势。目前,我国托幼机构质量评价在理论和实践方面都非常薄弱,了解其他各国托幼机构质量评价的措施将有助于我们更科学合理地评价托幼机构的质量。[编者按]     

Four Perspectives on Child Care Quality

National and state child care policies are shaped in part by studies of child care quality. The majority of these studies focus on variables that influence child outcomes. Katz suggests that this is but one of four perspectives on child care quality, and that parents, children, and child care staff have perspectives on child care quality that have not been adequately addressed. This article reviews the variables, measures, and studies associated with each of these four perspectives. The authors argue that given the preponderance of studies conducted from the professional/researcher perspective, more effort should be directed to studying child care quality from parents' children's, and child care staff members' viewpoints.     

How Stake Holder Groups Define Quality in Child Care

This paper presents definitions of child care quality from focus groups conducted to develop a research design to assess the quality of Minnesota's regulated child care system. Eleven individual interviews and 38 focus groups involving 333 people were held in communities throughout Minnesota between 1-11-00 and 6-14-00. The focus groups represented the various stake holders interested in child care quality including parents, legislators, child care staff and administrators, licensed and unlicensed family child care providers, family and center based child care licensors, child care resource and referral staff, and teacher educators. Beginning first with the traditional definition of child care quality (what is good for the child) and related quality indicators, the author presents Katz's (Multiple perspectives on the quality of early childhood programs) four dimensional definition of child care quality and the associated research investigating these dimensions. The similarities and differences in various stake holder groups' definitions of child care quality are then presented and compared with Love, Schocket, & Meckstroth's review of child care research. The paper ends with a discussion how stake holders' definitions of child care quality may inform researchers and policymakers about child care quality.     

The Impact of Child Care Subsidy Use on Child Care Quality

In 2008, the federal government allotted $7 billion in child care subsidies to low-income families through the state-administered Child Care and Development Fund (CCDF), now the government's largest child care program (US DHHS, 2008). Although subsidies reduce costs for families and facilitate parental employment, it is unclear how they impact the quality of care families purchase. This study investigates the impact of government subsidization on parents’ selection of child care quality using multivariate regression and propensity score matching approaches to account for differential selection into subsidy receipt and care arrangements. Data were drawn from the Child Care Supplement to the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (CCS-FFCWS), conducted in 2002 and 2003 in 14 of the 20 FFCWS cities when focal children were 3 years old (N = 456). Our results indicate that families who used subsidies chose higher quality care than comparable mothers who did not use subsidies, but only because subsidy recipients were more likely to use center-based care. Subgroup analyses revealed that families using subsidies purchased higher-quality home-based care but lower-quality center-based care than comparable non-recipients. Findings suggest that child care subsidies may serve as more than a work support for low-income families by enhancing the quality of nonmaternal care children experience but that this effect is largely attributable to recipients’ using formal child care arrangements (versus kith and kin care) more often than non-recipients.     

中美儿童托管教育的比较分析

经过20余年的发展,中国大陆儿童托管教育形成了多元化的运作模式,但暴露出的问题也不容忽视。从比较的视角认真分析我国托管教育与美国托管教育的异同及其深层的原因,可以为我们提供有益借鉴。明确托管教育的定位,完善制度建设是解决现阶段我国托管教育问题的重选择。     

The Use of Video Games by Kindergartners in a Family Child Care Setting

In this interpretive study of children’s social interactions in a family child care setting, children were seen to spend a significant portion of their time playing, watching others play, and distracted by video games. When children were focused on video games, their interactions with one another were disjointed, rushed, and ineffective. Because children’s interactions are considered to be important learning opportunities, the prevalence of video games in child care settings and the implications of their use should be studied more closely.     

Center-Based Evening Child Care: Implications for Young Children's Development

With increasing numbers of women joining the evening/nighttime workforce, there is a need for quality childcare during these hours. This project, conducted in Japan, sought to compare the effects of child day care, child evening care, and child night care on the development and adaptation of young children. Caregivers completed a survey on the childrearing environment at home, their feelings of self-efficacy, and the presence of support for childcare. Childcare professionals evaluated the development of children. The results of the discriminant analysis indicate that factors in the home environment, not type of center-based care, explained developmental variance.     

The Child Care Ecology Inventory: A domain-specific measure of home-based child care quality to promote social competence for school readiness

This study investigates the reliability and validity of the Child Care Ecology Inventory (CCEI), a measure of the quality of family child care in the social domain. The CCEI focuses on research-based environmental features and caregiving practices for promoting positive social development in preschool-age children. A total of 198 family child care homes in the Northwest USA participated. Good scale reliabilities were found for the measures of the environment (Enrichment and Organization) and for caregivers’ practices (Monitoring, Positive Attention, Promoting Social Skills, and Teaching Rules) and interrater reliability was adequate for research purposes. The CCEI was associated with other commonly used measures of child care quality that assessed similar environmental and caregiving constructs. Linear regression models were run to determine the features of family child care quality that were concurrently associated with observed child behavior. The child–caregiver ratio, Environment Organization, and caregivers’ Teaching Rules were negatively associated with children's problem behavior (noncompliance and aggression). Caregivers’ provision of Planned Activities/Routines and Positive Attention were associated with positive child behavior. Results indicate that different aspects of quality are related to different aspects of children's social interactions and behaviors.     

照顾儿童服务劳动的法理学思考

家庭照顾儿童服务具有专业性、情感性和稳定性等特点,要通过签订劳动合同、成立家庭照顾儿童职业工会和为家庭照顾儿童服务提供制度保障等措施,使其得到良性发展。     

The Impact of Child Care on Gender Role Development and Gender Stereotypes

Research has shown that gender role development is socially constructed and learned from birth. In this study, the impact of child care and the interactions that take place there are examined, with a focus on gender behavior and stereotypes. Observation data and analysis are presented. Themes representing gender stereotypes and the breaking of gender barriers are examined, and the role that caregivers can play in the fostering of gender-fair behaviors is discussed.     

Evaluation of Mental Health Consultation in Child Care Centers

Mental health professionals have speculated that their consultation services should improve the overall quality of a child care center, but few research studies have shown this effect in child care settings. In the present study, mental health consultation services were provided by four agencies to 25 urban child care centers to enhance children's emotional lives and social abilities, and to strengthen child care center staff's capacity to work with children who have difficult behaviors. A one-year evaluation was conducted to assess the impact of the mental health services on the teachers and child care centers using observational measures, director- and teacher-completed questionnaires, and qualitative focus group data. Centers with more than one year of consultation showed increases in overall quality, teachers' self-efficacy, and teachers' competence. In addition, staff expressed satisfaction with the mental health consultation services provided. Implications of findings and suggestions for future interventions are discussed.