Tactual habituation and discrimination of form in infancy: a comparison with vision

Tactual discriminative abilities out of the control of vision are studied in 5-month-old infants, and compared with their visual discriminative abilities. The relevance of a habituation/reaction to novelty procedure in the tactual modality is tested. An infant control procedure is used in both modalities on 2 independent samples of 32 infants each. Habituation and discrimination occur tactually as well as visually, the duration of holds decreasing more than the duration of looks. Accumulated holding time is 3 times longer than accumulated looking time. Analogies and discrepancies between tactual and visual habituations are discussed, and the problem of sensory dominance is raised. Such results are basic to studies on cross-modal transfer, from vision to touch as well as from touch to vision.     

知识团队的绩效评价

本文根据知识型团队所从事的创造性工作的特点,通过对绩效标准的设定、绩效评价等绩效管理重点内容的讨论,提出了必须采用结果导向的思维方式和通过建立绩效契约来对其进行绩效管理的观点,并以效率型指标、效益型指标、递延型指标和风险型指标作为知识团队的绩效评价依据,提出了一种不同于加权平均式绩效评价的综合计分方法.     

Alternatives to rules for knowledge-based modelling

The technology of knowledge-based systems undoubtedly offers potential for educational modelling, yet its practical impact on today's school classrooms is very limited. To an extent this is because the tools presently used in schools are mostly rule-based expert system shells, which lack usability. We developed three alternative tools, using ideas from knowledge acquisition research, and compared their effectiveness to that of an established rule-based shell. Children working with the new tools produced higher quality models and developed more positive attitudes. We relate these findings to the forms of representation provided by the new tools and present evidence that modelling increases children's representational skill. We conclude that knowledge acquisition systems and alternative forms of representation can contribute to improved forms of knowledge-based modelling.     

Matching and oddity conditional discrimination in the goldfish as avoidance responses: Evidence for conceptual avoidance learning

Goldfish, trained in the avoidance shuttlebox with a variant of the linear discrimination procedure, learned to conditionally discriminate between color signals, both for the matching (M) and oddity (O) criterion forms. Transfer to assess the possibility of concept learning was also tested. In original learning, oddity-trained groups learned faster and reached higher conditional discrimination performance levels than did matching-trained groups. In transfer, various groups were tested with the same criterion (MM or OO) or a shifted criterion (MO or OM), and half of each group retained the same color signals and the remaining half had its color signals changed in transfer. Groups with the same criterion in original learning and transfer (MM or OO), regardless of signal colors, showed comparable positive transfer. Groups with their criterion shifted between original learning and transfer (MO or OM) showed comparable negative transfer, regardless of signal colors. Since both positive- and negative-transfer effects were independent of signal colors, it is clear that what was learned for one set of signal colors transferred to at least one other signal-color set. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that goldfish learned the original conditional discrimination at a conceptual level, and learned about the general matching or oddity relationships between colors, rather than about a specific set of colors.     

因应“知识型产业”发展的技术人力培育

现代产业发展的重心，趋向细微化极限型产业、知识整合型产业、环保产业、及社会福利产业。其特质则在于大量客制化的产销模式、创新研发的快速发展、产品的生命周期缩短、及知识型服务的比重增加。处在这种产业环境，技术人力有必要强化专业知识与技能、信息科技的应用、表达沟通、团队合作、问题解决、终身学习、及外国语文等能力。有鉴于此，职司培育技术人力的技职院校，应该注重跨领域人才的培植，采行模块化的课程结构，以及强化学生的实务技能。     

英语阅读中的语义范畴化

文章运用认知语言学的基本观点,通过对词汇和句义获得的过程的分析,认为语义范畴化在英语阅读中起到了至关重要的作用,以及语义范畴的扩展中断对阅读的影响。最后对教师在英语阅读教学中,就如何加强对范畴内语义的理解提出了四点建议。     

A knowledge-based system for waste minimzation in metal finishing and electroplating industries

This paper introduces a knolledge-based system for waste minimization in metal finishing and electroplating industries—MEPPI (minimization of environmental problems in processing industries) waste minimization techniques, such as process modification, raw materials reduction and resource recycling and recovery, and suggests its implementation in industries rather than end-of-pipe treatment. The data for process analysis, materials balance for each unit, and test data collection, should be inputed into MEPPI first. One can then obtain information on which unit will generate wastes, what kind waste will be produced, and the waste amount and content. Further analysis of this information can reveal if each unit is operating ideally and if the whole process is in the best state. MEPPI can indicate the possibility of waste minimization in every unit, provide all kinds of waste recovery and recycling methods for users to select from, and can reduce raw materials consumption so that the loading on the end-of-pipe treatment plant will be diminished. Realization of waste minimization will improve the economics of industries. MEPPI is a rich-database, friendly-interactive system integrating waste minimization audit calculation and waste minimization technique in a computer package. It can help designers to estimate the waste of a new factory and also process management or operators to minimize the release of hazardous or toxic waste into the environment. Project supported by the Sino Software Research Center of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.     

浅谈高校生物类实验室安全管理的对策

分析了高校生物类实验室的特点及影响实验室安全的因素,提出了高校生物类实验室应从安全管理制度、落实安全责任制,加强安全、环保教育,加强实验室化学试剂、药品的管理,加强生物类实验室常见废弃物处理的管理,推行环保、绿色、清洁实验方法等几方面完善安全管理的措施.     

大学自我约束机制的范畴与建构

自我约束机制是建立和完善现代大学制度的本质要求,也是我国高等教育外部环境发展变化和内部改革逐步深入的迫切期待。大学自我约束机制的形成,首先要明确其基本的理论范畴,解决一系列重要的认识问题,同时更要深入分析其建构路径,明确基本的行动策略。     

病虫害及其防治类目体系结构的两种理解

《中图法》第五版植物保护病虫害及其防治,包括植物病虫害预测预报、植物病虫害类型、植物病虫害防治方法。由于类目采用了多重列类,致使内容交叉,其类目体系结构有两种理解。产生两种理解方案的缘由,跟中图法类目编列不妥有很大关系。本文分析了这两种理解方案,提出了解决策略和修订建议。     

黑格尔的"中介"范畴与社会发展机制

黑格尔在其哲学的真正起源和秘密的《精神现象学》中,阐述了事物发展特别是发展的中介环节的丰富而深刻的内涵。黑格尔的中介辩证法思想与社会发展机制思想有着内在的关联,可以说中介哲学是当代关于社会发展机制的基础或起源。研究黑格尔的中介思想,可以获得当代中国社会发展的深刻启示。     

Overcoming the crisis in curriculum theory: a knowledge-based approach

This paper begins by identifying what it sees as the current crisis in curriculum theory. Following a brief history of the field, it argues that recent developments have led to it losing its object––what is taught and learned in school––and its distinctive role in the educational sciences. Arising from this brief account of the origins and nature of this ‘crisis’, the paper argues that curriculum theory must begin not from the learner but from the learner’s entitlement to knowledge. It then develops a framework for approaching the curriculum based on this assumption which is illustrated by an example of how the Head Teacher of a large secondary school in England used these ideas. Finally, it examines three widely held criticisms of the knowledge-based approach developed here and the issues that they raise.     

谚语视野里的性别歧视

本文站在女性主义的立场,从地位、婚嫁、言行、才智、品德、特征及其它等七个方面来分析汉英谚语中共同存在的性别歧视现象,并从社会语言学的角度对这种语言现象产生的根源进行探讨     

知识经济与西部地区经济发展

知识经济时代,知识既是一切财富的核心和源泉,又是全社会发展的基础和动力;它的显著特征是知识与经济高度融合达到辩证统一。我国西部地区应正确理解其内涵与特征,结合本地现状和实际,迎接知识经济的挑战,首先,重视人才的使用和培养,大力发展农村教育和终身教育;其次,抓住西部特色,发展知识创新及特色产业;最后,为知识传播和创新建立完善的基础设施。     

Continuity in mental development from infancy

In this essay we document moderate continuity in mental development beginning in infancy and extending into childhood. Psychological opinion in the past has tended to favor discontinuity theories of cognitive development from infancy. In recent years, however, the foundations on which discontinuity positions were originally established have themselves come under question and new findings grounded in new assessment procedures have appeared, necessitating revision of opinion on this significant psychological and developmental issue. Our essay has several aims. We first review briefly the bases for contemporary discontinuity theories of mental development. Second, we present current findings that support the alternative proposition of continuity: Recent research demonstrates that infants who more efficiently encode visual stimuli or more efficiently recollect visual or auditory stimuli tend to perform more proficiently on traditional psychometric assessments of intelligence and language during childhood. Third, we scrutinize the assessment methods from which these continuity results derive. Fourth, we offer several models that help to explain the continuity findings. Fifth, we discuss critically the origins and the maintenance of continuity in mental development as it is coming to be conceptualized currently. Finally, we reflect on implications of continuity for the future of infant assessments specifically and for theories of early mental development generally.     

Contextual modulation of attention in human category learning

In a category-learning experiment, we assessed whether participants were able to selectively attend to different components of a compound stimulus in two distinct contexts. The participants were presented with stimulus compounds for which they had to learn categorical labels. Each compound comprised one feature from each of two dimensions, and on different trials the compound was presented in two contexts, X and Y. In Context X, Dimension A was relevant to the solution of the categorization task and Dimension B was irrelevant, whereas in Context Y, Dimension A was irrelevant and Dimension B was relevant. The results of transfer tests to novel stimuli suggested that people learned to attend selectively to Dimension A in Context X and Dimension B in Context Y. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that people can learn to selectively attend to particular dimensions of stimuli dependent on the context in which the stimuli are presented. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that context-dependent changes in attention transfer to other categorization tasks involving novel stimuli.