网络安全类企业研发投入技术效率评价*

文章分析了研发在网络安全类企业中的地位,并基于数据包络分析的BCC模型和超效率模型对我国沪深两市上市的21家网络安全类企业的研发技术效率进行评价。结果表明,BCC模型下,综合技术效率达到DEA有效的网络安全企业占比不到一半,部分企业综合效率无效主要是规模无效造成的;超效率DEA模型可以对BCC模型下综合效率有效的企业进行比较和分析。此外文章还对网络安全类企业研发活动的投入产出进行改进分析,并针对网络安全类企业提高研发能力和实现最优规模提出相关政策建议。     

中国高技术产业研发产出影响因素实证研究

基于文献研究和理论分析,构建高技术产业技术创新能力指标体系。采用2000—2015年中国高技术产业有关数据,利用统计分析方法和因子分析回归方法,从投入能力、创新能力、支撑能力和政策因素等方面实证分析各因素对高技术产业研发产出的影响。研究结果发现:知识产出与RD经费投入强度、企业资金投入、人员投入、企业数量和引进消化吸收再创新能力等有显著性关系;市场产出与企业资金投入、人员投入、RD经费投入强度、利润率和税负率等有显著性关系。最后,为政府及企业合理规划创新资源、科学提升产业研发产出提出相关对策建议。     

区域R＆D绩效评价

本文将数据包络分析的理论与方法用于R&D投入的绩效评价中 ,通过对我国部分地区 2 0 0 1年R&D投入的DEA模型运行的实证研究 ,发现我国主要发达地区的R&D投入的DEA效率无效 ,主要表现在产出的不足。本文研究提示我们在国家财力、人力有限的情况下 ,不仅要加大R&D投入 ,更要关注R&D的绩效提高。     

基于DEA方法的中国科技企业孵化器的效率评价——以29个省份的孵化器为例

基于数据包络分析方法,对中国29个省份在2013年间的相关数据进行深入分析,全面的评估中国科技企业孵化器的效率。研究结果表明,中国的科技企业孵化器整体上发展迅速,但整体已经出现规模过大的迹象。同时,不同区域呈现出科技、人才及资金等资源投入不平衡、孵化器发展态势不一等特点。因此,将从国家及地方政府层面提供相应的政策建议。     

Creating advantage in peripheral regions: The role of publicly funded R&D centres

Regional investment in R&D, technological development and innovation is perceived as being strongly associated with productivity, growth and sustained international competitiveness. One policy instrument by which policy makers have attempted to create regional advantage has been the establishment of publicly funded research centres (PRCs). In this paper we develop a logic model for this type of regional intervention and examine the outputs and longer-term outcomes from a group of (18) publicly funded R&D centres. Our results suggest some positive regional impacts but also identify significant differences in terms of innovation, additionality and sustainability between university-based and company-based PRCs. University-based PRCs have higher levels of short-term additionality, demonstrate higher levels of organisational innovation but prove less sustainable. Company-based PRCs demonstrate more partial additionality in the short-term but ultimately prove more sustainable.     

基于物质流核算的数据包络分析——国内19个主要城市的实证研究

文章介绍了物质流核算的基本思想和数据包络分析的基本方法,在对国内19个主要城市的物质流进行核算的基础上选取相关数据,并综合一些经济统计数据做了DEA分析,对于这19个城市的物质流基本状况进行了评价,为以后的城市循环经济政策制定提供了一种定量的分析工具。文章的主要结论有:(1)我国物质流输入量所带来的经济效益较欧美发达国家明显偏低,我们的先进城市大约相当于欧美发达国家20世纪90年代中期平均利用率的1/4,日本的1/9,这充分说明我国的经济增长方式主要还是粗放式的;(2)多个城市的物质流核算均由于基础设施建设过多导致的物质流动规模十分巨大,这从一个侧面说明了我国很多城市的经济增长对于固定资产建设的投资依赖十分明显;(3)在DEA分析中我们可以看出很大的物质流投入并不能带来同等的GDP和财政收入。     

Regulatory policy, value of knowledge assets and innovation strategy: The case of the Orphan Drug Act

The U.S. Orphan Drug Act provides R&D incentives to drug-makers that go beyond statutory patent protection. The study explores the act's effect on financial returns to innovation and on the strategy of orphan drug development. Results indicate that the financial return to orphan drug development is positive. The findings suggest that when market size is small and cumulative innovation is an important phenomenon the policy that extends effective patent duration or subsidizes R&D activity improves incentives to innovate.     

Bottom-up estimation of industrial and public R&D investment by technology in support of policy-making: The case of selected low-carbon energy technologies

This paper discusses a bottom-up approach to estimate the level of R&D investment by technology in areas where data are scarce. It develops a four-step methodology for the estimation of corporate R&D investments at technology level. This approach can overcome gaps in existing data by combining publicly available information in a novel way, even though it introduces some uncertainty. This is illustrated for a set of low-carbon energy technologies that were identified as key for meeting Europe's long-term energy and climate objectives by the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan. The paper finds that the aggregated R&D investments dedicated to these technologies amounted to €3.3 billion in the EU in 2007, including public funding from European Union Member States and at EU-level, and industrial research activities from companies with headquarters registered in the EU. The results allow conclusions on the European energy research policy to be drawn, such as the dominance of industrial funds, and have provided significant input to the European policy making in this field. The paper ends with suggestions on how to further enhance the accuracy of the approach and how to widen its application to other sectors.     

Foreign direct investment in industrial research and development: A study of German MNCs

This paper reports on the international research and development (R&D) investments of German multinational corporations (MNCs). Based on a detailed empirical survey of laboratory sites established by 49 German MNCs, we examine (i) the level and pace of R&D internationalization, (ii) the motivations and mandates of overseas R&D laboratories, as well as (iii) the strength of the laboratories’ internal and external ties. Participating firms account for about 46% of all German enterprises with international R&D activities and approximately 66% of the nation's privately funded R&D expenditures in 1999. The findings indicate that the timing and organization of German owned overseas R&D investments more closely resemble Japanese or French than US or Swedish firms. Furthermore, in line with prior studies, German MNCs increasingly invest in international R&D for resource as opposed to market-seeking motives. The paper also finds significant differences with regard to the laboratory's mission and its geographical location on one hand, and its internal and external embeddedness, on the other.     

Technological similarity,post-acquisition R&D reorganization,and innovation performance in horizontal acquisitions

This paper aims to disentangle the mechanisms through which technological similarity between acquiring and acquired firms influences innovation in horizontal acquisitions. We develop a theoretical model that links technological similarity to: (i) two key aspects of post-acquisition reorganization of acquired R&D operations – the rationalization of the R&D operations and the replacement of the R&D top manager, and (ii) two intermediate effects that are closely associated with the post-acquisition innovation performance of the combined firm – improvements in R&D productivity and disruptions in R&D personnel. We rely on PLS techniques to test our theoretical model using detailed information on 31 horizontal acquisitions in high- and medium-tech industries. Our results indicate that in horizontal acquisitions, technological similarity negatively affects post-acquisition innovation performance and that this negative effect is not mediated by the reorganization of the acquired R&D operations. However, replacing the acquired firm's R&D top manager leads to R&D productivity improvements that positively affect innovation performance.     

Reducing the demand uncertainties at the fuzzy-front-end of developing new online services

Addressing the demand uncertainties at the fuzzy-front-end of developing new online services, this paper tests the roles of numerous cluster-based methodologies in improving the predictive accuracy of consumer opinions. The results with an online service revealed that both crisp and non-crisp clustering methodologies improve the predictive accuracy and hence reduce the demand uncertainties at the fuzzy-front-end of the new product development process. They also showed that non-crisp clustering increases the accuracy more than does crisp clustering. Implications of the findings for our understanding of the earlier stages of the new product development process and for making informed R&D policies are discussed.     

基于DEA的企业R&D有效性研究

R&D效率评价是企业R&D管理中的一项重要内容,而评价方法的设计与选择是目前研究中的难点和核心。本文将DEA方法引入到对企业的R&D效率的评价中,以我国生物制药上市公司为研究对像,对样本公司R&D效率进行了全面的分析。研究表明,大多数生物制药上市公司的R&D效率差距不大,R&D效率与企业规模存在一定的联系,部分公司的R&D经费投入使用效率高于人员投入的使用效率。同时证明了DEA方法在企业R&D效率评价中的适用性。     

湖北省技术创新效率评价—基于研发资本存量角度

通过构建以研发资本存量作为创新投入变量建立省级区域技术创新指标体系,运用数据包络分析方法(DEA)对我国30个省级区域2004—2015年的技术创新效率进行测算与比较分析。研究结果表明,考虑研发资本存量后,可以显著考察到前期的研发资本投入对当期的技术创新活动的影响。又以湖北省为例进行技术创新效率分析,发现湖北省技术创新效率不高的主要原因为纯技术效率低、创新投入资源未充分利用和创新产出不足。     

MNCs’ offshore R&D networks in host country's regional innovation system: The case of Taiwan-based firms in China

China has become a hot spot of R&D internationalization and a growing number of Taiwan-based firms have indeed set up R&D units in China. Taking into account China's substantial regional variations in economic development, innovation capacity, and knowledge productivity, such notions as regional innovation system (RIS) and local innovative milieu may become more relevant to the study on relationships between China and its inward R&D internationalization. Therefore, the key issue for this paper is what locational advantages of an RIS within a host country affect the network linkages and networking strategy of multinational corporations’ (MNCs’) offshore R&D units. The paper aims to enrich the current understanding of R&D internationalization in several ways. First, the paper attempts to examine the R&D networking underlying R&D internationalization by Taiwan-based firms in China, with particular reference to the sub-national level inside China. Second, the paper tries to establish a link between the literature of R&D internationalization and that of RIS, with a modified version of Dunning's eclectic paradigm. Efforts are made to map the relationship between foreign subsidiaries’ local R&D networks and their host RISs inside China. Third, the paper takes advantage of a government databank to adopt a quantitative approach, the Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Regression model, with foreign subsidiaries as the unit of analysis, to highlight the role played by some aspects of the RIS in determining the local R&D networking of Taiwanese subsidiaries in China. Our evident shows that MNCs’ offshore R&D units that purse home-based technology exploitation strategy, the mainstream strategy regarding the developing host country, tend to be located in a host region with a strong knowledge application and exploitation subsystem, while an RIS with a strong knowledge generation and diffusion subsystem, within such a developing country as China, may induce MNCs’ local R&D units to pursue home-base technology augmenting strategy. On balance, not only the location choice but also the local R&D linkages of MNCs’ offshore subsidiaries are related to appropriate fits between the RIS and the subsidiaries’ innovation network inside the host country.     

Effect of R&D programmes on the formation of university-industry-government networks: comparative analysis of Japanese R&D programmes

Japan has established several R&D programmes since the 1980s aimed at basic and fundamental R&D in response to the criticism of its free-riding on Western basic research. In some of these programmes, the linkages between university, industry and government have been a requirement for formation or selection of projects. In this paper, it is investigated how five Japanese R&D programmes promote inter-sectoral and inter-institutional networks. The result shows that the projects of the Next Generation Programme for pre-competitive research formed few but multiple university-industry-government linkages within each project by designing the complementary relationships among the participants. Linkages between private companies were not much formed except for the projects of the ERATO Programme, in which researchers temporarily leave their own institutes. The funds for more basic research was found to have little effect on the formation of networks within projects but do form the linkages outside the projects.     

基于高管联结的企业间研发行为趋同“形似”还是“神似”？

利用2012—2017年中国A股制造业上市公司数据,考察高管联结以及以此为基础的组织间双边关系对企业研发行为的影响。研究发现,在基于高管联结的组织间双边关系中,联结双方存在显著的研发投入趋同和研发效率趋同;联结双方相似度越高,研发投入趋同和研发效率趋同越显著;环境不确定性对联结双方研发投入趋同存在正向影响,但对研发效率趋同的影响不显著。基于理性学习和行为反应的组织间模仿是上述研发行为趋同的内在生成机制。理性学习过程能够带来联结双方研发投入趋同和研发效率趋同;行为反应过程在强化联结双方研发投入趋同的同时,抑制了研发效率趋同。理性学习过程还进一步推动了焦点企业研发效率提升,带来联结双方研发效率的“向上趋同”。企业间研发行为的模仿和学习应以自身资源能力特征、模仿对象研发绩效以及外部环境因素的系统分析为基础。管理者应跳出行为习惯、规范压力和个人职业声誉的窠臼,更加理性独立地做出研发决策。