Commercializing the laboratory: Faculty patenting and the open science environment

This paper investigates the relationship between patenting and publication of research results by university faculty members. Our study adds to the limited evidence on this topic with an empirical investigation based on a panel data set for a broad sample of university researchers. Results suggest that publication and patenting are complementary, not substitute, activities for faculty members. This is not consistent with recent concerns regarding deleterious effects of patenting on the research output of faculty members. Average citations to publications, however, appear to decline for repeat patenters, suggesting either a decrease in quality or restrictions on use associated in patent protection.     

The workforce of pioneer plants: The role of worker mobility in the diffusion of industries

Does technology require labour mobility to diffuse? To explore this, we use German social-security data and ask how plants that pioneer an industry in a location – and for which the local labour market offers no experienced workers – assemble their workforces. These pioneers use different recruiting strategies than plants elsewhere: they hire more workers from outside their industry and from outside their region, especially when workers come from closely related industries or are highly skilled. The importance of access to experienced workers is highlighted in the diffusion of industries from western Germany to the post-reunification economy of eastern German. While manufacturing employment declined in most advanced economies, eastern German regions managed to reindustrialise. The pioneers involved in this process relied heavily on expertise from western Germany: while establishing new manufacturing industries in the East, they sourced half of their experienced workers from the West.     

The impact of foreign technological innovation on domestic employment via the industry mix

This paper analyses how differences in the industry composition of British local labour markets moderate the impact of foreign technological competition in manufacturing on domestic employment, both overall and across subsamples of workers with different skill levels (high, intermediate and low). To this scope, it exploits both variations across industries in the exposure to the introduction of new technologies, and information on how such industries are combined in shaping the industrial structure of each place. The analysis shows that places that specialise in industries undergoing substantial technological competition due to foreign innovation experience a reduction in total employment that is 4.5% larger than places less exposed based on their initial industry mix. This negative performance is mainly explained by a decrease in the employment opportunities for intermediate-skilled workers. Limited support is found for successful adaptation trajectories over time across British local labour markets.     

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs

This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.     

The wider impacts of high-technology employment: Evidence from U.S. cities

Innovative, high-technology industries are commonly described as drivers of regional development. ‘Tech’ workers earn high wages, but they are also said to generate knock-on effects throughout the local economies that host them, spurring growth in jobs and wages in nontradable activities. At the same time, in iconic high-tech agglomerations like the San Francisco Bay Area, the home of Silicon Valley, the success of the tech industry creates tensions, in part as living costs rise beyond the reach of many non-tech workers. Across a large sample of U.S. cities, this paper explores these issues systematically. Combining annual data on wages, employment and prices from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Consumer Price Index, it estimates how growth in tradable tech employment affects the real, living-cost deflated wages of local workers in nontradable sectors. Results indicate that high-technology employment has significant, positive, but modest effects on the real wages of workers in nontradable sectors. These effects appear to be spread consistently across different kinds of nontradable activities. In terms of substantive wider impacts, tech appears benign, though fairly ineffectual.     

On the density of stabilizable plants in the class of unstabilizable plants: The real symmetric disk algebra case

Let A_R denote the set of functions from the disk algebra having real Fourier coefficients. Generalizing a result of Quadrat we show that every unstabilizable multi-input multi-output plant is as close as we want to a stabilizable multi-input multi-output plant in the product topology.     

Understanding the technology market for patents: New insights from a licensing survey of Japanese firms

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the technology market for patents in Japan, by using a novel firm-level dataset that combines a Japanese Patent Office survey titled Survey of Intellectual Property Activities, the Institute of Intellectual Property patent database, and the Licensing Activity Survey conducted by the University of Tokyo. In this paper, we use a two-step model to estimate a firm's licensing propensities; the first step estimates the determinants of potential licensors (willingness to license) and the second step identifies the factors of the actual licensing out of technology (licensing propensity). We found that a significant number of patents held by firms are not licensed out, although the owners are willing to do so. Our econometric analysis reveals that a major factor behind this technology market imperfection is the potential licensors’ difficulty in finding licensing partners.     

Knowledge diffusion, market segmentation and technological catch-up: The case of the telecommunication industry in China

This paper examines the growth of technological capability in the telecommunication industry in China. We apply a modified version of Lee and Lim's [Lee, K., Lim, C., 2001. The technological regimes, catch-up and leapfrogging: findings from the Korean industries. Research Policy, vol. 30.] model of technological learning and catching-up. Using the three cases of the Shanghai Bell, the CIT-led R&D consortium, and indigenous companies such as Huawei, we analyze how the catching-up in the telecommunication industry occurred. We find that the important factors in the catch-up are the strategy of “trading market for technology,” the knowledge diffusion from Shanghai Bell both to the R&D consortium and to Huawei, and industrial promotion by the government. As a condition for successful catch-up, the paper points out that the technological regime of the telephone switches is featured by a more predictable technological trajectory and a lower cumulativeness. These conditions and strategies helped the Chinese firms to achieve a stage-skipping catch-up, namely, by skipping the stage of analogue electronic switches to jump to digital electronic switches.     

The evolution of mission-oriented policies: Exploring changing market creating policies in the US and European space sector

Market creation is moving to the centre of mission-oriented innovation policy. This is particularly visible in the space sector. Agencies such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA) are developing market-creating innovation policies in response to (a) the increasing emphasis on societal grand challenges, (b) the rise of a new wave of space companies (often referred to as “New Space”) and (c) the global trend towards interconnecting and interlinking of industries (a trend referred to as Industry 4.0). In this paper we explore the changing nature of mission-oriented innovation policies for market creation for two agencies, NASA and ESA. For these agencies, earlier mission-oriented policies focused on clear challenges with identifiable concrete problems and directed by a strong centralized agency. Contrast this with today, with broadly defined grand challenges, decentralized innovation systems with mixed top-down and bottom-up problem definition. We describe the current drivers and pressures that are creating a window for policy change, and we present examples of how NASA and ESA are responding to these pressures and use this exploration to dig deeper into the evolving frames of market-creating innovation policy in the space sector to identify the challenges for such policies and to further articulate a research agenda.     

Exploration versus exploitation in technology firms: The role of compensation structure for R&D workforce

We investigate the relationship between a firm’s compensation structure and the extent to which its innovation is more exploration versus exploitation oriented. Specifically, we assess two aspects of a firm’s compensation design—horizontal dispersion within job levels and vertical tournament incentives between job levels. A six-year panel of compensation records of 671,028 employees working at 81 U.S.-based high technology firms between 1997 and 2002 are used to construct measures that characterize a firm's pay structure, which are linked to these firms’ patents filed in the U.S. We find that firms with higher-powered tournament incentives in vertical compensation structure report higher fraction of innovation directed towards exploration. Horizontal pay dispersion, on the other hand, shows a negative relationship with the exploration in firms where R&D employees’ age variance is low. In firms where R&D employees’ age variance is high, the negative relationship between horizontal pay dispersion and exploration is muted.     

The construct of information systems use benefits: Theoretical explication of its underlying dimensions and the development of a measurement scale

As a key construct for the IS success model (DeLone & McLean (1992, 2003), information systems benefits for individuals (ISBI) has received considerable attention from researchers over the years. However, much remains to be explored to develop and validate the underlying theoretical dimensions for this crucial construct. Further, a major weakness of the extant research in this area is that most reported studies have been conducted in the context of individual IS application instead of the overall IS in the organization. To fill these gaps in research, we will first present a theoretical conceptualization of the ISBI construct, and then develop and validate a measurement scale for the construct. Drawing from the ERG theory (Alderfer, 1972), Job Characteristic Theory (Hackman & Oldham, 1975, 1976) and other theoretical perspectives, we developed a theory-based TJW framework which consists of three levels: Task performance, Job interaction, and Work enrichment. The nomological validity of the scale was then successfully demonstrated by a partial test of the IS success model using the ISBI measure and a measure of the overall IS use. Finally, we demonstrated the diagnostic power of the construct through an exploratory research model which showed that, while task performance benefits have insignificant effect on satisfaction, both job interaction benefits and work enrichment effects have substantial effects on satisfaction. These study results have thus deepened our understanding on the underpinnings of IS usage behaviors and contributed to the cumulated research on IS success.     

我国农村职业教育的发展对策研究——以农村经济的人才需求为视角

大力发展农村职业教育,培养掌握现代科学技术的高素质劳动者,对推进农村经济发展有着积极的意义。本文从职业教育的内涵出发,以农村经济的人才需求为视角,寻找我国农村职业教育在发展过程中存在的问题,并提出解决问题的相关对策,完善农村职业教育发展,从而推动我国农村经济健康发展。     

中央高校基本科研业务费管理模式研究

为了完善高校科研经费投入制度,提高高校的自主创新能力和高层次人才培养能力,中央财政设立中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金,予以中央高校稳定支持和自主支配。目前关于竞争性支持下的科研项目管理模式已有大量研究,但针对高校稳定性支持及竞争性支持结合的管理模式缺乏系统研究。以暨南大学为例,分析基本科研业务费的管理模式并探讨管理实践中遇到的问题,为基本科研业务费管理模式的探索与完善提供理论支持和经验依据。     

The implications of academic enterprise for public science: An overview of the empirical evidence

Concerns have been raised that the growing emphasis on the commercial value of academic research may have negative, unintended consequences, notably that it may have a deleterious effect on the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge or on the open-ended nature of public science. These concerns have catalyzed an expanding set of empirical studies, the evidence from which is vast and mixed. We review this body of investigative work, teasing out some preliminary conclusions regarding the broader implications of academic enterprise and promising avenues for further research.     

蓝色增长：欧盟发展蓝色经济的新蓝图

本文通过简要描述欧盟委员会提出的“蓝色增长”战略构想,概括了欧盟海洋及关联产业现状特点和发展趋势,介绍了其蓝色经济未来重点发展的五个领域：蓝色能源、水产养殖、海洋旅游、海洋矿产和蓝色生物技术。从发展理念、产业体系、区域经济、重点领域等方面将我国与欧盟的海洋经济进行了比较研究。分析了欧盟下一步海洋政策的发展趋势及世界海洋经济研究的发展方向。     

Information and Communication Technologies for Development: The Bottom of the Pyramid Model in Practice

The currently influential model for information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) is based on increasing the well-being of the poor through market-based solutions, and by using low-cost but advanced technologies. Using ethnographic methods, we chart out the contradictions that could arise when such a development-through-entrepreneurship model is implemented. We examine the Akshaya project, a franchise of computer-service kiosks in Kerala, India, which strives simultaneously for social development through access to computers and financial viability through cost recovery and entrepreneurship. We show that tensions within the state and among entrepreneurs and perceptions of public versus private among consumers make it challenging to meet the twin goals of commercial profitability and social development.     

家族关系如何影响企业创新?——对创新中不可忽视的“家族力量”的检验

家族力量的存在让家族企业具有区别于非家族的属性特征,创新是家族企业为获取和保持竞争优势所采取的重要战略行为。然而,家族系统对企业创新的影响长期没有得到应有的重视,以往研究着重考察了企业边界之内的家族力量,而对企业之外的家族力量缺少必要的关注。为了更好地理解家族系统在企业创新中发挥的作用,本文构建了包括家族凝聚力、适应力和企业创新的理论模型,根据家庭关系研究成果,探讨了家族关系对家族企业创新的影响。基于542份来自全国工商联有效调研样本的实证研究结果表明,家族凝聚力与家族企业创新具有倒U型关系,家族适应力与家族企业创新具有显著的正向关系。     

协同与创新:新时代高校大学生劳动教育的实践逻辑

劳动是人类文明得以延续和发展的重要基础。随着社会的发展,高校劳动教育的不足之处逐渐显现。大学生作为新时代的预备劳动力和社会主义建设者,其劳动素养的高低对社会发展和民族振兴具有重大影响。因此,以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,推进高校劳动教育落实到位刻不容缓。该文从新时代高校大学生劳动教育的价值、内涵和实践路径等角度展开研究,发现统一多方面积极因素的影响以发挥教育合力,能更好地培养时代新人,助力中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的实现。     

知识型企业的组织治理：—用企业理论对知识型企业治理结构发展所做的探索

本以目前出现的新型知识为入手点，按理现代企业理论对企业所有权安排的原则，分析了知识型企业中，由予资本、经理人才、技术创新人才之间相对的稀缺程度不同，所导致的不同的治理结构。并进一步引申开去，发现在知识经济中（1）知识型企业的所有权安排是一个动态的、状态依存的所有权安排。（2）知识型企业的所有权安排不是单个企业的所有权安排，而是一系列企业所有权安排的组合，这种发现与风险投资体系的运作方式为相似，由此进一步得出了风险投资资本系是知识经济发展的途径探索、知识经济是知识与资本的合作而不是知识与资本的较量的结论。