教育领域不同文化间的对话:比较教育的角色

本文倡导通过不同文化间的对话来促进国际领域教育家、实践者和哲学家们在一起分享彼此的知识、智慧,维护世界和平,促进相互理解.本文概述作者从事不同文化间对话的一些经验,然后探讨比较教育学术界对理解全球化时代文化传统和教育的影响,指出教育交流有赖于技术和市场经济的推动,也需要本土的、边缘文化群体以及贫困国家的参与,这些群体或因国家资源贫乏而无法跟上全球化的发展进程.世界比较教育学会联合会应该在保持文化的完整性,减少不同文化间冲突中发挥重要作用.     

比较教育的领域扩展:学术团体和全球合作

在过去的几十年里,比较教育领域发生了重要的变化.受比较教育学者的论述和不同语言及文化等背景因素的影响,世界上不同地区的比较教育领域具有各自不同的特点.本文主要关注世界比较教育学会联合会(WCCES)的作用,介绍了WCCES的运作形式以及随着时间的流逝其面对的某些压力及转变.     

从世界比较教育学会联合会的角度看比较教育专业学会

本文对比较教育这一研究领域进行了简要的综合性评价,介绍了世界比较教育学会联合会这一全球组织的性质和任务.作为一些国家级比较教育学会与区域性比较教育学会的大伞,世界比较教育学会联合会成立于1970年.目前,加入世界比较教育学会联合会的国家级、次国家级、区域性以及以语言为基础的比较教育学会的总量已经发展到32个.本文概述了世界比较教育学会联合会的历史与运作模式,以及比较教育在性质上的转变.     

全球化背景下教育的特征及其发展前景

为应对不断深化的全球化,世界很多国家都在推进工具性教育的发展,教育界随之出现了支持全球化和反对全球化的不同声音。本文认为,全球化是一个从某些力量释放的历史进程中成长起来,并在各种力量纷争、妥协中达至一定程度的结果。工具性教育过于强调个人主义的狭隘性决定了它不能应对全球化带来的挑战,因此我们应该推行民主教育,它的目标是寻找好的社会。     

Head teachers’ attitudes towards religious diversity and interreligious dialogue and their implications for secondary schools in Catalonia

ABSTRACT

This paper explores the attitudes of secondary-school head teachers towards religious diversity, intercultural and interreligious dialogue and the role of education in fostering intercultural and interreligious dialogue. A sample comprising 275 head teachers in Catalan secondary schools answered an online questionnaire. The results revealed attitudes which were moderately favourable towards cultural and religious diversity, more strongly favourable towards interreligious dialogue, and less favourable towards education playing a major role in managing religious and cultural diversity and in fostering interreligious dialogue. We found significant differences in head teachers’ attitudes in line with the specific features of the schools where they worked. Amongst these differences, it was noticeable that heads of religious and private–public schools had more positive attitudes towards managing religious and cultural diversity and towards education playing a leading role in promoting dialogue. Also, we identified three groups of head teachers who showed differing degrees of positivity according to the perceived religious diversity of their schools. The more diverse the school, the less favourable the attitude, and vice-versa; the most moderate favourability was also associated with the most moderate diversity.     

Intercultural education of tolerance and hospitality

This paper aims to make a theoretical contribution to the current debate on intercultural education by focusing on the nature and limits of tolerance. Drawing on contemporary theorisations of the concept, it is suggested that while tolerance appears fundamental for confronting issues of difference, it has several caveats. The paper discusses the caveats in relation to differences that do not always co-exist harmoniously within the same society, and argues against the view that tolerance brings about automatically positive results to those who practise it. In the light of this argument, I propose that the ethics of hospitality, as elaborated by Derrida and Dufourmantelle, may provide a more viable approach to accommodating cultural difference. I conclude the paper with the implications for intercultural education. Specifically, I show that intercultural education has clung too long to the normative goals of modernity, and suggest that in order to go beyond these goals one must bring the ethical relation of responsibility for the other to the fore.     

éducation, Dialogue Interculturel et Société de L’information

EDUCATION, INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY – The present study examines the contribution of education to developing the potentials of intercultural dialogue. The author reflects on educational means for distinguishing between, on one hand, universalization and, on the other, the elimination of particularity at a time of increasing cultural exchange. He presents some thoughts on the fundamentals of ethics for intercultural dialogue at school, examining difficulties in multicultural dialogue or its eventual risks. The study also addresses the conditions for producing and spreading educational messages, their quality, and the content necessary for reinforcing dialogue, as well as the interconnections between education and technology. Finally, the author identifies possible ways to avoid transforming dialogue into an ideological instrument or accepting an exclusive economic, financial or technical logic.     

Éducation, Dialogue Interculturel et Société de L’information

EDUCATION, INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AND THE INFORMATION SOCIETY – The present study examines the contribution of education to developing the potentials of intercultural dialogue. The author reflects on educational means for distinguishing between, on one hand, universalization and, on the other, the elimination of particularity at a time of increasing cultural exchange. He presents some thoughts on the fundamentals of ethics for intercultural dialogue at school, examining difficulties in multicultural dialogue or its eventual risks. The study also addresses the conditions for producing and spreading educational messages, their quality, and the content necessary for reinforcing dialogue, as well as the interconnections between education and technology. Finally, the author identifies possible ways to avoid transforming dialogue into an ideological instrument or accepting an exclusive economic, financial or technical logic.     

Interculturality and Intercultural Education: A Challenge for Democracy

The paper examines the debate taking place in Peru, and also more generally in South and Central American countries with large indigenous populations, on the nature of interculturality and intercultural education. It investigates concepts fundamental to interculturality such as democracy and equality and asks what they mean in the context of the Peruvian state, civil society and the indigenous movement. It questions whether an interculturality based in apolitical calls for dialogue and respect for cultural and linguistic plurality can meet the needs of indigenous peoples and their daily confrontations with oppressive and unequal intercultural relations. Taking Peru as an example, it investigates the possibilities for the development of an interculturality that is characterised by equality and participation and which enables indigenous peoples to have greater control over their lives. It then briefly examines the nature of the intercultural lives of the Harakmbut of SE Peruvian Amazon and a new indigenous intercultural education programme which the Harakmbut hope will help them address the inequalities and exploitation which they face.     

Intercultural education in Europe: policies,practices and trends

European societies have become increasingly diverse as a result of legal and illegal migration flows, and educationists are facing the challenge of how to address the presence of migrant students. In recent years, there has been increasing activity at European level in the field of intercultural education despite the principle of subsidiarity. This article draws on 30 European level policy documents published within the last decade to analyse the dynamics influencing intercultural education in Europe. These include European Union institutions (such as European Commission, European Council, and Council of Ministers) and Council of Europe documents. Our discussions are situated within historical and contemporary European immigration policy developments. We argue that the main emphasis of recent European level policies and directives is on fostering social cohesion through incorporating migrant students. In so doing, European organisations have had to deal with arguments surrounding the legitimacy of European policy initiatives in the field of intercultural education.     

Articulating injustice: an exploration of young people’s experiences of participation in a conflict transformation programme that utilises the arts as a form of dialogue

This paper reflects on a study that explores young people’s engagement with the Art: a Resource for Reconciliation Over the World (ARROW) programme. The programme utilises the arts to promote critical dialogue amongst young people growing up in divided communities around the world. Dialogue has been criticised for its inability to tackle structural inequalities and for failing to include multiple voices and perspectives due to dominant languages and agendas. However, dialogue has also been heralded for its potential to promote democracy and resist narratives of discrimination that contribute to intercultural conflict. This paper focuses on the voices of young people involved in the Plymouth UK ARROW youth group. It proposes that arts approaches can complement verbal dialogue through their ability to transcend verbal language barriers, allow previously silenced narratives to be articulated and encourage people to think critically about themselves, humanity and the world.     

Interculturalism,Intercultural Education,and Chinese Society

Globalization is bringing about a new paradigm of super-diversity which is resulting in all societies becoming more culturally diverse. Interculturalism, as a new model which responds to this increasing diversity, rejects all forms of discrimination based on differences, instead embracing reciprocity and accommodation. Interculturalism theory is characterized by integration, cohesion, and intercultural dialogue. Compared to multiculturalism theory, interculturalism theory discusses how to make a society more cohesive and accommodate people from different cultures. Interculturalism features a stronger sense of whole. Therefore, in intercultural education, intercultural competence is highlighted in order to catalyze dialogue between people from different groups. Interculturalism has a role in increasing the current level of diversity within contemporary Chinese society. Furthermore, Confucius’ ideal of Great Harmony, which values integration while respecting differences, echoes the tenets of interculturalism. In conclusion, interculturalism can serve as an effective theory for cultivating a shared society.     

新加坡、香港地区的比较教育与教师教育:基于时空转换的比较

本文评述杜祖贻教授1970年在首届世界比较教育大会论文集发表的论文.在加拿大渥太华举行的这次大会标志着目前拥有 42 个成员协会的世界比较教育学会联合会(WCCES)的诞生.第16届世界比较教育大会将于2016年8月在北京主办,由中国教育学会比较教育分会(CCES)承办.因此,这篇原载于香港比较教育学会(CESHK)2005年《比较教育简报》的论文得以重刊,可谓适逢其时.本文从时间和地域两个维度对新加坡与香港地区的比较教育及教师教育进行比较,力图解释对这两个地方不同时期教师教育进行比较研究带来的悖论.这些分析也许会激发包括中国大陆在内的世界其他国家和地区的有关讨论.     

跨文化教学的分层目标与课程定位

随着全球化浪潮,跨文化交际能力成了21世纪人才培养的一项至关重要的任务.但是,我国现有的跨文化交际教学因为目标内涵单一,教学内容笼统,缺乏指导实践教学的层次感,因而长期落后于人才培养的实际需求.本文探讨了新形势下跨文化交际教学的目标层次,并且提出了相应的课程设置和教学手段.     

THE IMPLICATIONS OF INTERCULTURAL EDUCATION FOR HIGHER EDUCATION

Studies on intercultural education undertaken by the Council of Europe have highlighted a gap at the level of higher education between transmitted knowledge and the indispensable information needed by individuals living in the pluricultural contexts of contemporary European societies. A task of higher education is to inculcate in teachers an intercultural perspective both for work in schools and for activities in community contexts and perspectives. The intercultural dimension should not simply address itself to a special category of culturally different students, but rather, should address all students so as to sensitize them to the cultural pluralism which surrounds them and to educate them to successfully master it. Certain disciplines have a privileged status with regard to the transmission of useful information for the education of all citizens living in pluricultural societies: history, geography, anthropology, philosophy, psychology, economics, sociology, and law. Several examples of intercultural education programmes offered by higher education institutions are presented in this study (in Portugal, Canada, and France) as well as reference to activities sponsored by the Higher Education and Research Division of the Council of Europe.     

Educating ‘others’: Drawing on the collective wisdom of intercultural experts

Forty invited interculturalists (both academics and non-academics) from nine countries engaged in developing a coherent culture of dialogue and collective action to address the challenge of redefining intercultural education provisions with regard to the needs of refugee children. The method of cooperative inquiry to elicit theoretical and professional expertise from the participants was adopted. This inquiry was based on four dimensions of reflective practice, drawing on experiential, presentational, propositional and practical knowledge. The intercultural experts (seen as ‘co-researchers’ and/or ‘co-subjects’) who participated engaged in a rigorous intercultural and reflexive dialogue developed in four distinct phases. The first two phases took place in their own local contexts and the final ones in a forum organised in Greece. During the forum, the participants’ diverse knowledge and experience were renegotiated to ascertain the ‘collective wisdom’ of the group and to address issues of otherness and approaches to refugee education, teachers’ training and mediation. The consensus reached by the participants included the following: the need for local communities to be supported so as to avoid and mitigate any hostility towards refugees; the urgency of a common European asylum policy; the realisation of the ‘other’ as a social construct based on hierarchical connotations and defined by diverse (meta)narratives; the urgency for providing formal/mainstream education to secure a pathway to social citizenship for refugees; the adoption of culturally responsive education practices to empower intercultural learning using refugee children’s own cultural knowledge and collaborating with parents; and the need for systemic intercultural and mediation training for teachers.     

The Power of Dialogue: Consequences of Intergroup Dialogue and their Implications for Agency and Alliance Building

Phenomenological investigation of a community intergroup dialogue program reveals that participation in the program promoted complex thinking about diversity, feelings of self-efficacy, and changes in communicative action. Agency in the interest of social change, however, depended on both access to resources such as cultural capital, and incentives to recognize a need for change. The results suggest that dialogue has important potential for intercultural understanding, alliance building, and social change, but also that the indeterminacy implied in open systems prohibits assurance that change will be in the direction intended by program organizers.     

Towards post-intercultural teacher education: analysing ‘extreme’ intercultural dialogue to reconstruct interculturality

The ‘intercultural’ is now omnipresent in most departments of teacher education in Europe and elsewhere. It can be implemented under the guise of, amongst others, multicultural, transcultural, global and/or development education. In this paper, I problematise post-intercultural teacher education. The context of this study is that of Finnish education. Famed worldwide for its ‘miraculous’ educational system, Finland is rarely talked about for dealing with diversities in education. In this article, I explore the impact of a course on ‘multicultural education’ given to a cohort of ‘local’ and international student teachers studying to become Newly Qualified Teachers. I taught the course myself and decided that since only 8?h would be devoted to the issue of interculturality, the course would have to help the students to learn to develop quickly critical competences towards the many and varied approaches to diversities that are ‘available on the market’. The methodology rests on the use of a documentary on ‘extreme’ intercultural dialogue that the students discussed at the end of the course. Set in Israel, the documentary follows a class in a multicultural school in Tel Aviv during the second Gaza War in 2008–2009. I hypothesise that the documentary, which is often conflictual, would help me to evaluate the students’ learning and how they discuss and problematise such a case of ‘intercultural dialogue’ in education and relate it to their future practice.     

基于主体间理论的跨文化交际语用原则研究

文章基于德国哲学家尤尔根·哈贝马斯(Jürgen Habermas)提出的主体间交往行为理论,探讨跨文化交际中的主体间身份建构的意义与语用原则。主张在跨文化交际过程中,具有不同语言文化背景的语用者都应该尊重交际对方的语言文化主体身份、遵守"真诚情、理解性、公正性、平等性"的主体间语用原则,通过意义协商、文化认同和公正平等的方式进行跨文化交际,最大限度地减少或者避免在跨文化交际中出现语言文化霸权式的思维倾向和话语行为。     

Psychological Aspects of the Formation of an Individual's Secondary Linguistic Identity in the Professional Training of Linguists

The article is devoted to one of the major problems of educational psychology: the professional training of specialists in intercultural communication. The proposed approach allows us to uncover the significance of the concept of “linguistic consciousness” and methods governing its application to the process of the formation of the secondary linguistic identity, which acts as an intermediary in intercultural dialogue. The phenomenon of the linguistic identity is considered in the article from a psychological point of view. In this regard, the author offers a systematic overview of the process of intercultural communication based on a preliminary outline of the regulating role of linguistic consciousness in communicative activities.