浅析田径运动中的延迟性肌肉酸痛及其防治

一、何为肌肉延迟性酸痛 在田径运动训练与教学中,肌肉酸痛是常见的一种生理反应。根据持续时间与性质不同,肌肉酸痛可分为急性肌肉酸痛和延迟性肌肉酸痛,前者是训练中出现的肌肉反应,具有反应快、时间短、程度小等特点。后者是训练后一段时间内出现的肌肉反应（运动后8～24小时出现酸痛,2～3天酸痛达到高峰）,具有延迟特性,     

对田径有氧耐力性项目训练负荷生理生化指标监控的研究

对田径训练负荷的描述采用两类指标,一类训练学指标;另一类足生理生化指标。训练学指标表示运动员承载训练负荷时机体变化的原因,生理生化指标表示运动员承载训练负荷的结果。常用的生理生化指标主要有血乳酸、心率、次日晨的血清肌酸激酶（CK）、尿酮体,血红蛋白、尿胆原、血尿素等。     

长时间专项训练对男子摔跤运动员延迟性肌肉酸痛炎症反应的影响

观察15名男子古典摔跤运动员进行三周大强度专项训练对迟延性肌肉酸痛(DOMS)炎症反应的影响。第一周每日评定主观体力感觉等级(RPE)和肌肉酸痛程度,并分别在第一周的第一、三、五天和三周的第七天检测血清肌酸激酶(CK)及白细胞介素(IL 1β,6,8)水平。研究发现:第一周RPE从训练开始便出现显著升高,肌肉酸痛程度则第三、四、五天出现显著变化,第七天均恢复。CK、IL-6也均出现显著升高,IL-1β、IL 8则无显著变化。连续三周训练只有IL-6持续显著变化。提示:长时间大强度专项训练没有使DOMS症状加重,炎症反应也没有进一步恶化,机体已经对训练产生适应。     

运动后延迟性肌肉酸痛的研究历史、现状及其防治(综述)

延迟性肌肉酸痛,是指在进行新的不习惯的运动之后,相继产生的肌肉酸痛现象。这种肌肉酸痛在运动后24～48小时加剧,严重的可延续数天之久,使参加运动的人锻炼积极性减弱,或不愿再参加锻炼,直接影响运动训练和比赛。探讨运动后延迟性肌肉酸痛产生的原因及生理机制,寻求相应的措施减轻或消除延迟性肌肉酸痛,对体育锻炼、运动训练和比赛都有其实际意义。因此,这一问题引起了生理学家、体育工作者及体育爱好者的长期关注。一、研究的历史和现状不习惯的运动负荷量、强度、持续时间和关节运动的幅度,是产生延迟性肌肉酸痛的诱     

生化指标在举重运动员身体机能综合评定中的运用——以男子56kg级举重冠军李争为例

分别在2006年世锦赛、2007年世锦赛、2008年奥运会三个赛季集训期间对我国优秀男子56kg级举重运动员李争进行三个训练阶段血红蛋白、血清肌酸激酶、血尿素等6项生化指标的跟踪测试,以赛前一个月测得的各生化指标进行身体机能的综合评定;同时进行个人纵向比较,得出个人化竞技状态的生化指标监控。结果发现：（1）各指标均在正常范围之内,但血清睾酮/血清皮质醇值低时,机能状态好,比值高时,机能状态下降;（2）血红蛋白、血清睾酮、血清皮质醇三项指标可作为监测李争个人竞技状态的有效指标;血尿素及血清睾酮/皮质醇值可作为保障训练合理性的有效指标;血清肌酸激酶可作为力量训练及大强度训练的不定期检测指标。     

运动性肌肉酸痛的原因和防治

本文对产生肌肉酸痛的原因和防治进行综述。运动性肌肉酸痛、指的是由活动引起的肌肉酸痛，在进行不习惯的体力活动或大运动量训练时最容易发生。根据肌肉酸痛出现的时间，可分即刻痛和延迟痛两类。产生即刻痛的原因是局部缺血；而延迟痛的产生机制目前尚有争议，主要的假说有（１）收缩＼弹性成分张力升高学说；（２）组织损伤学说；（３）肌肉痉变学说－缺血学说．这几种科学学说各有实验证据，而在这些论据中，认为离心运动会引起肌肉是大酸痛。运动后肌肉酸痛是由于肌肉损伤的缘故被更多的学者所证实．此外，还有过多乳酸堆积的假说，但运动后乳酸堆积不超过１５～２４分钟（Ｈｅｒｍａｍｓｅｎ·Ｌ１９６９），延迟性肌肉酸痛却发生在运动后８～４８小时。因此不可能是乳酸堆积引起。对于延迟性肌肉酸病的预防和治疗，应以预防为主，积极治疗。     

血清肌酸激酶的运动训练负荷监控作用研究述评

综述了近年来有关肌酸激酶在运动训练过程中变化情况的研究.肌酸激酶（CK）是运动训练过程中变化比较敏感的指标之一,无论是大强度还是低强度的训练,都会使血清中肌酸激酶的活性产生不同程度的增高.在运动训练实践和运动生理生化研究中,血清肌酸激酶是评定训练负荷最敏感的指标之一,可以用来进行训练负荷的监控.     

冷敷对大学生运动后延迟性肌肉酸痛的影响

采取实验观察法观察冷敷疗法对大学生延迟性肌肉酸痛的影响,采用蛙跳方法诱发受试者产生延迟性肌肉酸痛,并分析冷敷疗法对延迟性肌肉酸痛的减轻和消除的效果,为延迟性肌肉酸痛的减轻和消除寻求有效方法.实验通过蛙跳诱发受试者在运动后24h产生的DOMS,采用主观六级疼痛评定法量化受试者的疼痛程度.可以得出结论大学生受试者产生DOMS后,冷敷对肌肉围度和肌肉状态没有影响,但能有效地缓解受试者DOMS的主观疼痛.     

对中级后期男子体操运动员大运动量训练生理生化指标的实验研究

本文通过对中级后期男子体操运动员大运动量训练进行了生理生化指标的实验研究,结果显示,血乳酸（BL）、血尿氮（BUN）可以作为赛前大运动量训练评定和监督指标,但还需要作更进一步的深入研究。     

生理生化指标在武术运动员机能监测中的应用与分析

在竞技运动水平愈来愈高、竞争愈来愈激烈的今天,运用生理生化指标对运动员的机能监测与评定,显得尤为重要。文章对武术科研中评定运动员身体机能及反映运动能力的生理、生化指标的研究现状进行了分析讨论。     

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness After Inspiratory Threshold Loading in Healthy Adults

Purpose: Skeletal muscle damage occurs following high-intensity or unaccustomed exercise; however, it is difficult to monitor damage to the respiratory muscles, particularly in humans. The aim of this study was to use clinical measures to investigate the presence of skeletal muscle damage in the inspiratory muscles. Methods: Ten healthy subjects underwent 60 minutes of voluntary inspiratory threshold loading (ITL) at 70% of maximal inspiratory pressure. Maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth pressures, delayed onset muscle soreness on a visual analogue scale and plasma creatine kinase were measured prior to ITL, and at repeated time points after ITL (4, 24 and 48 hours post-ITL). Results: Delayed onset muscle soreness was present in all subjects 24 hours following ITL (intensity = 22 ± 6 mm; significantly higher than baseline p = 0.02). Muscle soreness was reported primarily in the anterior neck region, and was correlated to the amount of work done by the inspiratory muscles during ITL (r = 0.72, p = 0.02). However, no significant change was observed in maximal inspiratory or expiratory pressures or creatine kinase. Conclusions: These findings suggest that an intense bout of ITL results in muscle soreness primarily in the accessory muscles of inspiration, however, may be insufficient to cause significant muscle damage in healthy adults.Key Words: delayed onset muscle soreness, respiratory muscles, skeletal muscle damage     

植物提取物补充对延迟性肌肉酸痛干预效果

通过查阅相关文献,以“延迟性肌肉酸痛”“植物提取物”“DOMS”和“plant extracts”等中英文检索词,分别在中国知网、万方数据库、Webofscience数据库、PubMed数据库和EBSCO系列数据库中,对自1983年6月至2020年5月的相关文献进行检索,最终选取81篇文献进行综述,以探讨植物提取物补充对延迟性肌肉酸痛干预效果,并阐述相关研究进展。结果表明:植物提取物干预与物理、药物和单一营养素干预相比,能从DOMS的炎症反应和氧化应激过程入手来预防延迟性肌肉酸痛的相关症状。但在当前研究中,有关植物提取物的补充效果仍缺乏一些大样本和大规模的实验证明,未来人们的研究方向应着眼于探究更多种类的植物提取物对延迟性肌肉酸痛的干预效果,以及确定在实际应用中具体的最优补剂方案。     

延迟性肌肉疼痛防治的研究进展

延迟性肌肉疼痛是运动员从事不习惯的运动后所经历的一种肌肉疼痛或不适的感觉，能够导致运动能力的下降，其产生机制目前尚不清楚。有多种手段和方法来防治延迟性肌肉疼痛，但结果不一．运动以及中医药在减轻症状方面效果明显。     

运动性延迟性肌肉酸痛研究进展(十年)

运动性延迟性肌肉酸痛是特指人体在大强度或不习惯性运动后一段时间内出现的肌肉酸痛,表现为酸痛的延迟性及发展过程的相对独立性,其机制主要有机械损伤、炎症反应等假说。     

The isolated and combined effects of selected physical activity and ibuprofen on delayed-onset muscle soreness

Delayed-onset muscle soreness refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological effects of physical activity with or without ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness. Forty-four non-athletic male volunteers (age 24.3 +/- 2.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: physical activity (n = 11), ibuprofen (n = 11), physical activity and ibuprofen (combination, n = 11), or control (n = 11). The physical activity programme comprised 5 min of walking and jogging, 10 min of static stretching of the hands and shoulder girdle, and 5 min of concentric movements with sub-maximal contractions. The total amount of ibuprofen consumed by a single individual was 2800 mg; this was taken from 1 h before the eccentric actions up to 48 h after it. Delayed onset muscle soreness was induced by performing 70 eccentric contractions of the biceps muscle of the non-dominant side on a modified arm curl machine. Perceived muscle soreness, maximal eccentric contraction, creatine kinase enzyme activity and elbow range of motion were assessed 1 h before and 1, 24 and 48 h after the eccentric actions. The results indicated that, after the eccentric actions, soreness increased (P < 0.001) across time in all groups, with the highest values being recorded at 24 h. At 24 and 48 h, greater soreness (P < 0.001) was observed in the control group than in the physical activity and combination groups. After the eccentric actions, creatine kinase increased and was elevated (P < 0.001) compared with baseline in all groups, with values returning to baseline in the physical activity and combination groups by 48 h. However, creatine kinase in the control and ibuprofen groups was still significantly higher than at baseline after 48 h. Creatine kinase was higher (P < 0.001) in the control group than in physical activity and combination groups at 24 and 48 h. There was also a reduction (P < 0.001) in elbow range of motion across time. This reduction in elbow range of motion was greater (P < 0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity and combination groups at 1, 24 and 48 h. The reduction in maximum eccentric contraction was greater (P < 0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity group at 24 and 48 h and the combination group at 48 h. In conclusion, the results add to our understanding of the effects of physical activity and the combination of physical activity and ibuprofen in reducing the severity of muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. Physical activity conducted before eccentric exercise alleviates muscle soreness. Our results indicate that physical activity with or without ibuprofen helps to prevent delayed-onset muscle soreness.     

The Decline of Women Leaders (Coaches and Athletic Directors) in Girls' Interscholastic Sport Programs in Virginia from 1972 to 1987

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine if static and baltislic stretching would, induce significant amounts of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and increases in creatine kinase (CK). Twenty males were randomly assigned to a static (STATIC) or ballistic stretching (BALLISTIC) group. All performed three sets of 17 stretches during a 90-min period, the only group difference being that STATIC remained, stationary during each 60-s stretch while BALLISTIC performed, boundng movements. Subjective ratings of DOMS (scale: 1–10) and serum CK levels were assessed before and every 24 hours post stretching, for 5 days. A repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect due to time (p < .05), with peak soreness occurring at 24 hours after (M = 2.8 ? 1.6). Surprisingly, a group effect (p < .05) demonstrated. that DOMS was significantly greater for STATIC than for BALLISTIC. At 24 hours there was a 62% (p < .05) increase in CK for combined groups. These findings indicate that similar bouts of static and ballistic stretching induce significant increases in DOMS and CK in subjects unaccustomed to such exercise. Furthermore, static stretching induced significantly more DOMS than did ballistic.     

Interferential therapy effect on mechanical pain threshold and isometric torque after delayed onset muscle soreness induction in human hamstrings

This study was undertaken to examine the acute effect of interferential current on mechanical pain threshold and isometric peak torque after delayed onset muscle soreness induction in human hamstrings. Forty-one physically active healthy male volunteers aged 18-33 years were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: interferential current group (n = 21) or placebo group (n = 20). Both groups performed a bout of 100 isokinetic eccentric maximal voluntary contractions (10 sets of 10 repetitions) at an angular velocity of 1.05 rad · s(-1) (60° · s(-1)) to induce muscle soreness. On the next day, volunteers received either an interferential current or a placebo application. Treatment was applied for 30 minutes (4 kHz frequency; 125 μs pulse duration; 80-150 Hz bursts). Mechanical pain threshold and isometric peak torque were measured at four different time intervals: prior to induction of muscle soreness, immediately following muscle soreness induction, on the next day after muscle soreness induction, and immediately after the interferential current and placebo application. Both groups showed a reduction in isometric torque (P < 0.001) and pain threshold (P < 0.001) after the eccentric exercise. After treatment, only the interferential current group showed a significant increase in pain threshold (P = 0.002) with no changes in isometric torque. The results indicate that interferential current was effective in increasing hamstrings mechanical pain threshold after eccentric exercise, with no effect on isometric peak torque after treatment.     

Muscle soreness and serum enzyme activity following consecutive drop jumps

The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in muscle soreness and serum enzyme activity following consecutive drop jumps. Seven male subjects (mean age 30.6 years) performed drop jumps from a 80-cm box height every 7 s until exhaustion (mean = 114 drop jumps). A questionnaire was used to assess muscle soreness (0 = no pain, 7 = unbearable painful) both pre- and post-exercise (0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h, and 3, 4 and 5 days after the exercise). Blood samples were also taken from three subjects at each of these times. For the other four subjects, blood samples were taken pre-exercise and 0, 12 and 36 h and 5 days post-exercise only. Although there was large inter-subject variability in the development of muscle soreness, all the subjects reported muscle soreness in their lower extremity muscles, especially in the quadriceps femoris. Muscle soreness developed significantly (P less than 0.01) over time, its peak (mean +/- S.E. = 3.7 +/- 0.7) occurring 12-48 h post-exercise. Serum enzyme activity changed significantly over time (P less than 0.05), but the changes were small. Not one subject showed a large increase in creatine kinase, and the average increase was less than 1.3 times as much as the pre-exercise level throughout the period of study. These results suggest that the muscle damage that occurs after drop jumping is not associated with a large release of muscle enzymes into the blood, and muscle soreness is not necessarily related to enzyme elevation following drop jumps.     

补充支链氨基酸对运动造成的延迟性肌肉酸痛的影响

目的确定支链氨基酸是否能够降低运动造成的延迟性肌肉疼痛(DOMS)。方法采用双盲交叉实验设计。选取40名大学生(20女,20男)随机分成支链氨基酸组(n=20)和安慰剂组(n=20)。受试者进行200m自重蛙跳的训练用于引起DOMS,并且在服用支链氨基酸或安慰剂的同时,每隔24h,连续3天,对肌肉疼痛程度进行分级。在3周恢复期后,受试者再次进行支链氨基酸或安慰剂的干预实验,重复同样的运动程序,并在接下来的3天里进行肌肉疼痛的分级。结果与结论运动后24h,在女性受试者中,支链氨基酸补充使得DOMS降低与安慰剂组相比有显著的差异(p=0.015)。然而,对于女性受试者和男女受试者整体分析时则没有显著性差异。这种性别的差异可能与男女受试者单位体重补充支链氨基酸的剂量差异和女性雌激素对BCODH激酶代谢的影响有关。     

The isolated and combined effects of selected physical activity and ibuprofen on delayed-onset muscle soreness

Delayed-onset muscle soreness refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological effects of physical activity with or without ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness. Forty-four non-athletic male volunteers (age 24.3?±?2.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: physical activity (n = 11), ibuprofen (n = 11), physical activity and ibuprofen (combination, n = 11), or control (n = 11). The physical activity programme comprised 5?min of walking and jogging, 10?min of static stretching of the hands and shoulder girdle, and 5?min of concentric movements with sub-maximal contractions. The total amount of ibuprofen consumed by a single individual was 2800?mg; this was taken from 1?h before the eccentric actions up to 48?h after it. Delayed onset muscle soreness was induced by performing 70 eccentric contractions of the biceps muscle of the non-dominant side on a modified arm curl machine. Perceived muscle soreness, maximal eccentric contraction, creatine kinase enzyme activity and elbow range of motion were assessed 1?h before and 1, 24 and 48?h after the eccentric actions. The results indicated that, after the eccentric actions, soreness increased (P?<?0.001) across time in all groups, with the highest values being recorded at 24?h. At 24 and 48?h, greater soreness (P <?0.001) was observed in the control group than in the physical activity and combination groups. After the eccentric actions, creatine kinase increased and was elevated (P?<?0.001) compared with baseline in all groups, with values returning to baseline in the physical activity and combination groups by 48?h. However, creatine kinase in the control and ibuprofen groups was still significantly higher than at baseline after 48?h. Creatine kinase was higher (P?<?0.001) in the control group than in physical activity and combination groups at 24 and 48?h. There was also a reduction (P?<?0.001) in elbow range of motion across time. This reduction in elbow range of motion was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity and combination groups at 1, 24 and 48?h. The reduction in maximum eccentric contraction was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity group at 24 and 48?h and the combination group at 48?h. In conclusion, the results add to our understanding of the effects of physical activity and the combination of physical activity and ibuprofen in reducing the severity of muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. Physical activity conducted before eccentric exercise alleviates muscle soreness. Our results indicate that physical activity with or without ibuprofen helps to prevent delayed-onset muscle soreness.