中国马术运动形势变迁研究

文章采用文献资料法,分析研究我国古代马术的起源、发展以及演变过程,旨在概括我国马术运动的发展和前景展望.主要结论有：马术在中国古代则称作骑术,具有悠久的历史,是一项重要的体育运动,包括赛马,还有马戏等.中国古代的马术,主要是由于生产生活需要、战争需要、精神娱乐需要等方面发展起来的.建议：我国应充分利用自然的区位优势,良好的传统优势、广泛的群众基础、优质的马匹资源、丰富的饲养资源.如新疆、内蒙古等省区,从古至今马匹与当地人民生产、生活息息相关,优势得天独厚,为现代马术运动的发展提供了坚实的基础.     

Demographic profiling of British Olympic equestrian athletes in the twenty-first century

Analyses of the determinants for participation in specific sports have been neglected and the use of demographic profiling in equestrian sports is limited. The aim of this research was to compare demographic profiles of British Olympic equestrian athletes, across and within disciplines, and suggest implications for the national federation’s micro-level athlete development strategy. Data were collected about all Team GB equestrian competitors over the last five Olympic Games. Equestrian sports are not organised by sex segregation, however no female showjumping competitors have represented Team GB in the twenty-first century. Competitors ranged in age over five decades and support the unusual early start-late specialisation paradigm, introduced by the national federation in 2007. Horse ownership is unusual amongst competitors, although it is more common amongst male athletes. The inter-athlete variation and inter-discipline variation these athletes show post challenges to the single development strategy currently in use.     

山东省大学生余暇体育与体育教学改革的调查分析

研究采用文献资料和问卷调查法对山东省部分高校的学生进行了有关余暇体育情况的问卷调查,揭示了高校大学生余暇体育的兴趣动机,余暇体育的行为等,从而找出高校体育教学改革如何将体育教学和余暇体育融为一体,提出相应的对策,为学校体育教学改革提供参考依据。     

惠州市城市居民休闲体育行为调查研究

文章对惠州市城市居民休闲体育行为进行调查与分析。结果表明:居民已经将休闲体育作为一种积极的休闲生活方式,锻炼身体、休闲娱乐和社会交往是主要动机;在项目选择上还局限于传统体育活动,以无需经费投入和简便易行为基本原则;大多数居民每周都进行休闲体育活动,但体育场地、设施和专业指导人员的不足以及消极休闲方式的影响,还制约着惠州市城市居民休闲体育的发展。     

Unknown Soldiers and Very Pretty Ladies: Challenges to the Social Order of Sports in Post-War Sweden

When Sweden played host to the Equestrian competitions of the 1956 Olympics, social issues of class and gender were publicly discussed and challenged. Indeed, equestrian sports by their very nature and history drew attention to the changing social order of sports (and society at large) during the 1950s. It will be shown that there were a range of quite ambivalent responses to working class men and to women during this time in Sweden. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the relationship between these social issues and horse riding was challenged and revised during this time and that the 1950s can be seen as a turning point for the social order of sports. Equestrian sports provide a fascinating case study due firstly to a number of specific contextual features that will be explained, and secondly because they were among the first sports in Sweden to face challenges to traditional social structures.     

The Swedish riding school: a social arena for young riders

The aim was to explore how young riders experience the riding school. By analysing focus groups interviews, a picture emerged showing that young riders’ main motive for participating at riding schools was the social aspects. Riding schools could be characterized through an institutional perspective in which the young riders became internalized and socialized into a stable culture. The young riders identified with the norms and values of the riding instructors through master–apprentice learning. In addition, the results revealed a change in the stable culture since the instructors encouraged social interactions and participation in the community that became central to learning and development. Opportunities to influence and interact were important for the individuals and from a child’s rights perspective. Through participation in the community of practice at riding schools, young riders not only learn about riding and horse management but also develop important personal social skills.     

Gender and Sports within the Equine Sector – A Comparative Perspective

The aim of this article is to discuss and problematize research on gender and sports within the equine sector, and to argue for the necessity of a comparative perspective in order to understand the gender order within equestrian sports. The article will focus on two areas within the equine sector: horse racing and Olympic equestrianism. Differences over time as well as between countries and events will be highlighted and discussed. Previous research demonstrates that the equine sector has historically been connected to men and masculinity in large parts of the world, although there are many examples of women working with horses and enjoying equestrian activities during their leisure time. During the twentieth century, horses have become progressively less important for agriculture, forestry, transport, and the army. The societal context is interesting, as sport historians Jennifer Hargreaves and Gertrud Pfister have claimed that a destabilization of the gender order in society at large may open new opportunities for women in sport. It is argued in this article that an analytical framework based on insights from gender studies and a comparative perspective is crucial if the development is to be understood and explained.     

Riding Instructors,Gender, Militarism,and Stable Culture in Sweden: Continuity and Change in the Twentieth Century

Equestrian sport underwent significant changes in Sweden during the twentieth century, from being connected to men and the army to being associated with women and leisure activities. Previous research has shown that a stable culture with masculine military norms still exists in spite of these changes. The purpose of this study is to explore why these norms continue to influence Swedish equestrian sport. Institutional economic theory and gender theory are used to explain continuity and change in stable culture. The source material consists of interviews and document analysis. An important finding is that military norms have been reproduced in the education of the riding instructors.     

民族传统体育马上运动制胜因素的探索

运用多种研究方法并结合四川省马术队的发展,对少数民族传统体育——马上运动有关项目的制胜因素进行系统研究,得出以下结论：快、准、稳和协调性是马上运动制胜的关键因素,科学选材是制胜的先决条件,系统训练是制胜的基本要求,营养、伤病防治与恢复措施是制胜的重要保障,充分的赛前准备和科学的管理机制是不容忽视的制胜要求。     

论规范休闲基础上的高校休闲体育教育

休闲生活是大学生活的重要组成部分,但许多失范休闲行为的出现,说明休闲需要规范、需要教育。休闲体育是一项非常有意义的规范休闲方式,但大学生休闲体育行为的缺乏和失范行为的存在都要求休闲体育教育的进一步发展。在对规范休闲与休闲体育进行分析、诠释的基础上,进一步分析了高校休闲体育教育情况及制约因素,并提出了应对措施。     

黑龙江省休闲体育产业的时代特征及发展趋势研究

社会的发展与时代的进步为休闲体育产业的发展带来了机遇,促使休闲体育产业进入一个崭新的阶段,黑龙江省具有特殊的地理优势和气候环境,其休闲体育产业发展空间潜力巨大。运用文献资料法、访谈法等方法对黑龙江省休闲体育产业的发展趋势及时代特征进行分析,预测性概括其发展走向和特征。提出在顺应时代的发展潮流的同时遵循从单一向多元化转变的原则,构建科学完整系统的休闲体育产业体系是当前黑龙江省休闲体育产业发展的重中之重,以期为为黑龙江省休闲体育产业的进一步繁荣发展奠定丰富的理论基础。     

论规范休闲与休闲体育——基于对大学生失范休闲现象的审视

研究提出了规范休闲活动的四个标准,并对休闲体育在休闲活动中的作用进行详细的论述,指出休闲体育是一项规范的休闲活动,在高校中促进休闲活动的规范和推动休闲体育的普及具有积极的意义。     

The effects of anxiety and strategic planning on visual search behaviour

The past decade has witnessed increased interest in the visual search behaviour of athletes. Little is known, however, about the relationship between anxiety and eye movements in sport performers or about the extent to which athletes' planned and actual visual search strategies correspond. To address these issues, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, eight expert female gymnasts were presented with three digital slides of a model performing a skill that is known to be anxiety-provoking in this sport--namely, the 'back flip' on the beam. By varying the height of the beam and the presence or absence of safety mats, the slides differed in the amount of anxiety that they elicited vicariously in the viewer. In the study, the gymnasts were asked to imagine themselves in the position of the depicted model and to describe the anxiety that they felt. As they viewed the slides, their eye movements were recorded. As predicted, anxiety was associated with an increase in the number of fixations to peripheral areas. In addition, the more 'threatening' slides elicited significantly more fixations than the less feared images. In Study 2, the plans of 15 equestrian performers (5 expert, 5 intermediate and 5 novice) were elicited as they engaged in a virtual 'walk' around a computerized show-jumping course. Contrary to expectations, the congruence between intended and actual search behaviour was not significantly greater for expert riders than for the less skilled groups. Also, the fact that the top riders allocated more fixations to slides than the less skilled performers challenged the prediction that expertise would be associated with economy of visual search. Finally, as expected, the expert riders were significantly less dependent on the overall 'course plan' than the intermediate and novice equestrian performers when inspecting the fences.     

体育休闲娱乐化时代高校田径运动会的式微与拓展

体育休闲娱乐化时代到来,休闲体育改变了高校体育的构成,大多数高校放弃了传统的田径课,高校田径运动会失去赖以存在的根据日益走向式微。市场经济下的大学生承受着更大的压力,高校体育应该成补偿"辛劳"和"损耗"的休闲。以体育项目带有某种意义的休闲性和娱乐性改造或替代传统的高校田径运动会,使之适应大时代的体育发展趋势而向前发展。     

休闲体育参与者动机与行为的关系研究

目的:探讨大学生休闲体育动机与行为的关系。方法:采用改编的《休闲动机量表》和《体育活动等级量表》进行休闲体育动机和行为的测量,并建立休闲体育动机的验证性因子分析模型和休闲体育动机与行为的关系模型。结论:投入规范是影响大学生参加休闲体育活动的主要动机。投入规范与休闲体育行为呈显著正相关关系,而无动机和外在规范则与休闲体育行为呈显著负相关。     

小康社会体育休闲娱乐理论的研究

小康社会为中国人带来越来越多的休闲时间、经济收入和愉悦心情，使体育发生“从生产到生活、从群体到个体、从工具到玩具”的转变，呼唤休闲娱乐，导致新时期体育理论的重构。建构的过程立足于把握世界体育发展潮流和分析具体国情的基础，以适应小康社会为轴心，既要弥补缺失已久的人文精神，又要寻回东方文明的根。新时期的体育理论围绕当代体育最基本的几大要素展开，形成了休闲论、娱乐论、游戏论、竞技论、健康论，这些新观念加以整合，主要应用在教育、经营和管理方面。     

体育学新概念——"轻体育"的兴起

在全球经济日趋一体化、各学科知识日益融合、渗透的今天,体育学这门兼具人文与自然科学特点的学科触角逐渐深入到经济学、医学、管理学、美学、艺术等领域,其边缘性、综合性、娱乐性、休闲性、个性化、大众性、终身性、科学性特点已见端倪,生态化体育、休闲体育、大众体育、终身体育、旅游体育等新的体育观念、模式、概念正在形成。这里,本文借鉴“轻音乐”、“轻工业”概念,将体育学具有上述特点的,职业和竞技之外的,符合个人兴趣和愿望,以愉悦身心、增强社会适应能力,实现自我价值、实现社会和个人可持续发展为目标的生态化体育、休闲体育、大众体育、终身体育、旅游体育等,统称为“轻体育”。     

影响中学生余暇体育行为的因素及其策略

运用问卷调查、专家访谈等研究方法，对中学生余暇体育活动的内容、时间、地点及场所的选择、态度与动机、消费等情况进行分析。结果显示：影响学生参加余暇体育活动锻炼的主要因素为课程压力大、学校体育设施较差、升学竞争激烈、无较好的体育锻炼条件、希望考上好的学校、升学考试压力大等。提出个性化指导、终身意识指导、社会化指导、消费倾向指导策略。     

The effects of anxiety and strategic planning on visual search behaviour

The past decade has witnessed increased interest in the visual search behaviour of athletes. Little is known, however, about the relationship between anxiety and eye movements in sport performers or about the extent to which athletes' planned and actual visual search strategies correspond. To address these issues, we conducted two studies. In Study 1, eight expert female gymnasts were presented with three digital slides of a model performing a skill that is known to be anxiety-provoking in this sport - namely, the 'back flip' on the beam. By varying the height of the beam and the presence or absence of safety mats, the slides differed in the amount of anxiety that they elicited vicariously in the viewer. In the study, the gymnasts were asked to imagine themselves in the position of the depicted model and to describe the anxiety that they felt. As they viewed the slides, their eye movements were recorded. As predicted, anxiety was associated with an increase in the number of fixations to peripheral areas. In addition, the more 'threatening' slides elicited significantly more fixations than the less feared images. In Study 2, the plans of 15 equestrian performers (5 expert, 5 intermediate and 5 novice) were elicited as they engaged in a virtual 'walk' around a computerized show-jumping course. Contrary to expectations, the congruence between intended and actual search behaviour was not significantly greater for expert riders than for the less skilled groups. Also, the fact that the top riders allocated more fixations to slides than the less skilled performers challenged the prediction that expertise would be associated with economy of visual search. Finally, as expected, the expert riders were significantly less dependent on the overall 'course plan' than the intermediate and novice equestrian performers when inspecting the fences.     

我国农民体育休闲实证研究——以福建省沿海地区农村为例

通过问卷调查法,对福建沿海地区16岁以上农民的体育休闲现状进行调查,结果表明：农民的闲暇时间较多,活动内容单调,健康和保健意识较弱,体育休闲意识差;体育休闲参与率不足一半,不同社会群体之间差别较大;参加体育休闲的项目单调并以非正规的体育休闲场地为主;参加体育休闲的主要动机是增强体质、形体健美、社交活动、消磨时间、治病保健。影响参与体育休闲锻炼的主要因素是没有时间、没有兴趣、缺乏体育休闲设施、家庭负担重和不懂锻炼方法。