企业科研投入与经营绩效的实证研究——信息业与制造业上市公司的比较

以披露研发信息的信息业与制造业上市公司为样本,针对其行业特征以及对科研投入的依赖性进行分析,利用面板数据建立多元线性回归方程模型,考察科研投入与企业绩效的关系.结果表明,企业科研投入与盈利能力之间的关系并不明显,但对企业成长能力有显著的促进作用;高研发密度和高效率的人工费用投入,以促进信息业主营业务收入增长能力和整体盈利能力增长速度的提高.对制造业主营业务收入的增长能力也有显著的贡献.     

自主研发、技术改造与高技术企业创新绩效研究

当前,我国高技术产业面临整体竞争力偏低、关键技术缺失的困境.继续扩大技术投入,提高创新绩效是实现高技术企业向创新驱动型发展的必要途径.采用1995-2016年高技术产业17个细分行业数据,考察自主研发、技术改造2种不同技术投入模式对创新绩效的影响.研究发现:自主研发投入规模增长十分迅速,对创新绩效起到显著的促进作用.技术改造增长相对缓慢,对创新绩效的提升效果不显著;同时投入自主研发与技术改造对提升企业创新绩效的作用明显大于单纯依靠自主研发投入;在各行业中,自主研发对航空航天器及设备制造业创新绩效提升作用最大,对电子及通信设备制造业作用最小;电子及通信设备制造业技术改造投入效果显著,其他行业技术改造投放效果不显著.     

知识密集型服务业与装备制造业互动融合过程及影响因素研究

从知识密集型服务业与装备制造业互动融合动因入手,从专业服务分工、技术发展与创新、企业竞争力提升、用户核心需求4个方面对两产业互动融合发展动因进行了分析。分析了知识密集型服务业与装备制造业的互动融合发展过程并将其划分为3个阶段,即初步互动阶段、深度合作阶段和全面融合阶段。归纳总结出影响知识密型服务业与装备制造业互动融合的影响因素,即互动融合基础因素、互动融合条件因素和互动融合环境因素。在此基础上运用回归分析的方法对这些影响因素进行检验,最后给出本文的结论和建议,如大力开展科研创新、加强知识技术的人才储备、鼓励装备制造业服务环节外包以及加大知识密集型服务业对装备制造业的中间投入等。     

技术密集型行业对制造业竞争力影响程度研究--以浙江省为例

以信息化为代表的新的科技成就,把当代生产力提高到一个前所未有的高度,使得世界制造业的面貌发生了巨大地变化。本文结合浙江实际研究表明,浙江制造业的结构调整主要是通过技术密集型行业扩张、传统产业高新技术改造完成的。技术密集型行业对整个制造业的产业绩效具有较为明显的上拉作用,但近年来这种上拉作用有趋弱迹象。从产业关联效应看,技术密集型行业的影响力系数很大,对其他产业有极强地带动作用;感应度系数也有较为明显的上升,对国民经济和制造业的制约作用有所增强。从资源配置效应看,技术密集型行业对资源的配置效应在制造业的重点行业中较强,而且呈明显的增强趋势。     

知识密集型服务业与先进制造业协同性分析与评价

本文运用协同学思想,构建了知识密集型服务业与先进制造业子系统的协同度评价指标体系。通过基于灰色关联与CRITIC方法而建立的复合系统协调度模型,实证研究上海市2006-2015年间知识密集型服务业与先进制造业复合系统的协同化发展水平。结果表明：上海市知识密集型服务业与先进制造业子系统有序度呈持续增长趋势,尤其是知识密集型服务业子系统的有序度在近年来提升显著;而复合产业系统在经历高速发展后,受限于先进制造业的发展瓶颈及产业间多方面深度融合的欠缺,导致两者产业系统在结构与功能上无法进一步有序耦合,产业协同化进程逐渐放缓。     

技术创新与全球价值链升级

"嵌入"高端化与防止被"挤出"全球价值链(GVC)是三步走升级策略的重要组成部分,技术创新对GVC升级发挥怎样的作用?在行业上是否体现出差异?何种行业应该优先升级?采用KPWW方法测度2005—2014年制造业各部门GVC地位,基于"嵌入"高端化视角实证研究技术创新投入和创新产出对两类产业GVC升级的影响,再基于防止被"挤出"视角,运用数据包络分析方法测度不同行业的升级效率。实证结果表明,应重视技术创新,对非技术密集型制造业更加注重激发创新动力从而实现向高端产业的演变,且对技术密集型制造业更加注重提升创新绩效以避免高端产业低端化;为了谋求升级的效率,应优先进行非技术密集型制造业的技术创新。     

中国制造业地理集聚对技术进步影响的实证分析

产业集聚是中国制造业发展的一个主要特征。本文利用克鲁格曼提出的空间基尼系数测度了2001—2008年中国制造业的28个行业的产业集聚度。在此基础上,重点分析了产业集聚度及其变化对技术进步的影响。结果表明:中国制造业平均产业集聚度上升明显,但各细分行业的集聚度变化却各有差异;从整体来说产业地理集聚推动了技术进步,但各行业地理集聚对技术进步的作用却存在显著差异。大部分技术密集型行业、原材料密集型行业以及劳动密集型行业的产业集聚对技术进步具有正面作用;但一些资本密集型行业的产业集聚上升却不利于技术进步。产业集聚及其对技术进步作用的差异可以为政府的产业集聚政策调整提供决策依据。     

上海制造业贸易结构现状与产业国际竞争力分析

对1995年以来上海制造业贸易进出口结构进行了经验分析;在此基础上,基于行业要素密集型特征,选择RCA指数、TCI指数和MI指数对上海制造业产业国际竞争力进行了测度,结果表明,上海劳动密集型行业的产业国际竞争力趋于下降,而资本技术密集型行业的竞争力趋于上升,但产业国际竞争力仍有待提高;最后指出了上海制造业产业国际竞争力提升所需关注的几个方面。     

知识密集型服务业与先进制造业协同度分析与评价

运用协同学思想构建知识密集型服务业与先进制造业子系统的协同度评价指标体系。通过基于灰色关联与CRITIC(criteria importance though intercrieria correlation)赋权法建立的复合系统协调度模型,实证研究上海市2006—2015年间知识密集型服务业与先进制造业复合系统的协同化发展水平。研究结果表明:上海市知识密集型服务业与先进制造业子系统有序度呈持续增长趋势,尤其是知识密集型服务业子系统的有序度在近年来提升显著;而复合产业系统在经历高速发展后,受限于先进制造业的发展瓶颈及产业间多方面深度融合的欠缺,导致两产业系统在结构与功能上无法进一步有序耦合,产业协同化进程逐渐放缓。     

科技服务业FDI提升中国制造业技术创新能力了吗？

本文运用Griliches-Jaffe知识生产函数，基于2003—2015年制造业分行业面板数据，利用投入产出方法测度与制造业各行业相匹配的外资科技服务使用指数，考察科技服务业FDI与制造业技术创新的关系。研究发现：科技服务业FDI显著提升了中国制造业创新能力，但其作用效果小于自主研发。从要素密集度来看，科技服务业FDI对非技术密集型制造业的创新促进作用高于技术密集型制造业；从持续性影响来看，科技服务业FDI的创新促进作用不仅体现在当期，还具有长期性和可持续性创新红利特征；从使用路径来看，科技服务业FDI“一步到位”式投入相比间接迂回式投入的创新效果更明显。此外，科技服务业FDI对国内制造业企业自主研发存在挤出效应，尤其体现在研发人力资本领域。研究发现可为我国高水平引进科技服务业外资、培育制造业创新发展新动能以及促进现代服务业与制造业深度融合提供参考。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.